In vivo studies have reported that oral administration of bergamot juice can reduce blood cholesterol and improve the atherogenic index in mice. Bergamot decreased cIMT from 1.2 mm 0.4 to 0.9 mm 0.1 (p < 0.0001). Qu H, Meng YY, Chai H, Liang F, Zhang JY, Gao ZY, Shi DZ. Naringin has an antiatherogenic effect with the inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany). Strikers FC Academy is focused on football development for players in Ghana and across Africa. An open label clinical trial evaluated bergamot derived extract in 80 human subjects (42 men and 38 women, mean age 55 13) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (i.e. The use of bergamot in multiple clinical trials has consistently shown that it is well tolerated in studies ranging from 30 days to 12 weeks. Gattuso G, Barreca D, Gargiulli C, Leuzzi U, Caristi C. Nogata Y, Sakamoto K, Shiratsuchi H, Ishii T, Yano M, Ohta H. Flavonoid composition of fruit tissues of citrus species, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. Taken together, these early clinical trials along with the mechanistic studies that have been performed suggest that bergamot can reduce total cholesterol and LDL-C through mechanisms that are distinct from current pharmaceutical approaches. Synergistic in vitro antioxidant activity and observational clinical trial of F105, a phytochemical formulation including Citrus bergamia, in subjects with moderate cardiometabolic risk factors, Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. Tranchida PQ, Presti ML, Costa R, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L. High-throughput analysis of bergamot essential oil by fast solid-phase microextraction-capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Bergamot oil is one of the most commonly used ingredients in perfumery. Be particularly cautious about using it if you take a medication that can make you more sensitive to the sun, such as amitriptyline, ciprofloxacin, or tetracycline. Decreases in serum glucose were observed with BPF from 120 to 98 and BPF Phyto from 124 to 96. A study by Sui et al revealed that naringin activates AMPK altering the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) [27]. In addition, ROS can induce the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO) and is associated with neointima formation. A blend of the sour orange and lemon (or citron) plant, bergamot produces a fruit that looks like a round lemon. Kaplan R, Aynedjian HS, Schlondorff D, Bank N. Renal vasoconstriction caused by short-term cholesterol feeding is corrected by thromboxane antagonist or probucol. Essential oils of the bergamot peel are well characterized and used extensively in products ranging from the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, and the cosmetic industry [1, 11]. Mention any other supplements and drugs you may be taking, and ask where you might look for a high-quality product. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH) can directly damage cells in the cardiovascular system and induce proinflammatory events. Some people experience side effects like dizziness, muscle cramps, and heartburn when they take bergamot with food. A more recent study by Leopoldini reported through computational modelling that bergamots statin-like molecules bind to HMG-CoA at Arg590, Ser684, Asp690, Lys692, and Lys735 residues, as well as at the nonpolar amino acids [24]. Studies have shown that an aromatherapy blend that includes bergamot may help with depression symptoms in older adults, people with terminal cancer, and women who are at high risk of postpartum depression. Though no clinical trials have reported on the coenzyme Q10 levels following bergamot administration, it may be another possible benefit over statins, as statins are well known to decrease plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 [25]. Its important to monitor those levels if you choose to use bergamot supplements. [3] Extracts have been used as an aromatic ingredient in food, tea, snus, perfumes, and cosmetics. A total of 237 human subjects were enrolled in the study. It may also be unsafe as a skin treatment for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
[6], Citrus bergamia is a small tree that blossoms during the winter. After 30 days, those patients receiving BPF had changes in total cholesterol (25%) and LDL (27.6%) without reappearance of statin toxicity. One hundred bergamot oranges yield about three ounces (85g) of bergamot oil. It comes from the Citrus bergamia plant, a fruit tree believed to be native to the Mediterranean region. The main flavonoids identified in the present study were 1) neoeriocitrin (370 ppm), 2) naringin (520 ppm), and 3) neohesperidin (310 ppm). Animals were divided into three groups as follows: 1) normolipidemic control rats on a standard diet 2) hypercholesterolemic diet for 30 days and 3) hypercholesterolemic diet for 30 days receiving 1 mL of bergamot juice daily for 30 days. [11] The fruit is not generally grown for juice consumption. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein particles is a harmful form of cholesterol that results from free radical damage. An essence extracted from the aromatic skin of this sour fruit is used to flavour Earl Grey and Lady Grey teas,[9] as well as confectionery (including Turkish delight). Hand pressed bergamot juice was administered to Wistar rats weighing 180 to 200 grams while being administered a high cholesterol diet [28]. ", Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology: Bergamot polyphenolic fraction supplementation improves cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: data from an 8-week, open-label pilot study., Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research: Prospective observational study: the role of a bergamot based nutraceutical in dyslipidaemia and arthralgia for subjects undergoing aromatase inhibitors based therapy. In another study, male New Zealand rabbits were fed a high cholesterol diet and divided into three groups as follows: 1) placebo (i.e. Accessibility Neoeriocitrin, naringin and neohesperidin have all been isolated and identified in bergamot. Several studies suggested that bergamot polyphenols can reduce triglycerides and increase HDL-C, however, the results were not consistent across all studies. Further research is needed. Always talk to your doctor before using any over-the-counter dietary supplement, including bergamot. Patients were enrolled in the study with mixed hyperlipidemia defined as LDL cholesterol > 120 mg/dl and triglycerides > 175 mg/dl, and serum glucose > 110 mg/dl. All Rights Reserved Design & Developed By:: RINJAcom, For enquary We can help:: +233 (0) 24-611-9999.
The bergamot fruit also contains flavonoids that include neoeriocitrin, naringin and neohesperidin among many others that have been of interest for their cardiovascular benefits. Recent studies have validated the anti-microbial properties of bergamot in in vitro settings [4, 5, 6].
Brannt, William Theodore; Schaedler, Karl. ", "Citrus bergamia essential oil: from basic research to clinical application", Bergamot by Citrus Variety Collection of the UCR, BBC news story on the farming of Bergamot in the Calabria region of Italy, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergamot_orange&oldid=1093999778, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 June 2022, at 04:48. TG and HDL-C) is that bergamot preparation, extraction, and standardization varied in several studies. Patients were directed to take 2 capsules daily (total 500 mg of bergamot fruit extract and 220 mg phytochemical complex blend) for 12 weeks. An observational, one-arm study was conducted with 11 human participants (3 male and 8 female; age 3865 years) and evaluated a combination of 9 plant extracts that included bergamot fruit extract [32]. [12], Adulteration with cheaper products such as oil of rosewood and bergamot mint has been a problem for consumers. Production is mostly limited to the Ionian Sea coastal areas of the province of Reggio di Calabria in Italy, to such an extent that it is a symbol of the entire city. A decrease in the small dense LDL-3, 4, and 5 particles (from 14.5% 0.1% to 9.0% 0.1% p < 0.0001; 3.2% 0.1% to 1.5% 0.1% p = 0.0053; 0.3% 0.0% to 0.1% 0.0% p = 0.0133, respectively). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal [citation needed]. The authors do not declare any conflicts of interest, National Library of Medicine Total cholesterol was reduced by 20% (500 mg of bergamot) and 30.9% (1,000 mg of bergamot). Bergamot juice was found to reduce cholesterol (29.27%), triglycerides (46.12%), and LDL (51.72%) and an increase in HDL (27.61%) levels versus hypercholesterolemic controls. Experts recommend that you stop using bergamot supplements two weeks before you have surgery. Mollace V, Ragusa S, Sacco I, Muscoli C, Sculco F, Visalli V, Palma E, Muscoli S, Mondello L, Dugo P, Rotiroti D, Romeo F. The protective effect of bergamot oil extract on lecitine-like oxyLDL receptor-1 expression in balloon injury-related neointima formation, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics. The bergamot orange is unrelated to the herbs known as bergamot, wild bergamot, bergamot mint, or bergamint Monarda didyma, Monarda fistulosa, and Eau de Cologne mint (the taxonomy of which is disputed). 
Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultivars found bergamot orange to be a probable hybrid of lemon and bitter orange. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Bergamot Essential Oils on Different Listeria Monocytogenes Strains. One citrus fruit in particular that has gained attention for improving health outcomes is the bergamot (Citrus bergamia) [1]. The results of this study suggest a combination of rosuvastatin and BPF were safe when taken together for 30 days. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of sterol esters into sterols and fatty acids. will also be available for a limited time. There are several weaknesses in the design of several of the clinical trials that used an open label design (Table 1). Mild side effects. We pride ourselves with our proven youth development programs for young elite players. [17] Bergamot is a major component of the original Eau de Cologne composed by Jean-Marie Farina at the beginning of the 18th century in Germany. [4], The word bergamot is derived from the Italian word bergamotto named for the Italian town of Bergamo. 
", Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet: Effect of Inhaling Bergamot Oil on Depression-Related Behaviors in Chronic Stressed Rats., Taehan Kanho Hakoe Chi: Effects of Aroma Hand Massage on Pain, State Anxiety and Depression in Hospice Patients with Terminal Cancer., Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice: The effects of clinical aromatherapy for anxiety and depression in high risk postpartum women A pilot study., The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine: Effectiveness of aromatherapy massage and inhalation on symptoms of depression in Chinese community-dwelling older adults., Integrative Food, Nutrition and Metabolism: Clinical application of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) for reducing high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease markers., University of California Riverside Citrus Variety Collection: Bergamot sour orange hybrid.". PMC legacy view By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, COVID Robs Millions of Sense of Smell, Taste, U.S. Nears Top Spot in Global Monkeypox Cases, Diets Heavy in 'Ultra-Processed' Foods Could Harm the Brain, Some CBD Creams, Patches Don't Match Labels, Dr. Whyte's Book: Take Control of Your Diabetes Risk, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Becoming a Vegetarian: Foods to Choose From. In this review we will evaluate the clinical evidence for bergamot as a strategy for improving dyslipidemia. Miceli N, Mondello MR, Monforte MT, Sdrafkakis V, Dugo P, Crupi ML, Taviano MF, De Pasquale R, Trovato A. Hypolipidemic effects of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau juice in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. Citrus bergamia has also been classified as Citrus aurantium subsp. The non-volatile compounds include waxes, pigments, coumarins, and psoralens. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Human subjects in the bergamot polyphenol fraction (BPF) group received 650 mg taken twice daily and subjects in the bergamot polyphenol fraction phytosomal formulation group (BPF Phyto) received 500 mg taken twice daily; both were taken for 30 days. Previous studies have suggested that the essential oil contains up to 9396% volatile phytochemicals that include monoterpenes (2553%), linalool (220%) and linalyl acetate (1540%). Mannucci C, Navarra M, Calapai F, Squeri R, Gangemi S, Calapai G. Clinical Pharmacology of Citrus bergamia: A Systematic Review. in all areas. To date, there has not been any definitive in vitro validation that flavonoids from bergamot share a similar mechanism for inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Values represent mean change. All rights reserved.
[24][25] Consuming bergamot oil as a component of tea may cause muscle cramps. Although generally too sour to eat on its own, its been part of the Mediterranean diet since the early 18th century. ICAM-1 levels have been reported to be elevated in response to normal immune function disruption in endothelial cells leading to atherosclerosis [19]. More research is needed. Bergamot oil may be less safe as a skin treatment since it can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight. However, none of the patients taking BPF interrupted the treatment. The results of five different clinical trials (Table 1) using bergamot in various forms suggest the polyphenol fraction can lower LDL-C and total cholesterol. Blood sugar issues. Citrus bergamia, the bergamot orange (pronounced /brmt/), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green color similar to a lime, depending on ripeness. Ferlazzo N, Visalli G, Smeriglio A, Cirmi S, Lombardo GE, Campiglia P, Di Pietro A, Navarra M. Flavonoid Fraction of Orange and Bergamot Juices Protect Human Lung Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. Gliozzi M, Walker R, Muscoli S, Vitale C, Gratteri S, Carresi C, Musolino V, Russo V, Janda E, Ragusa S, Aloe A, Palma E, Muscoli C, Romeo F, Mollace V. Bergamot polyphenolic fraction enhances rosuvastatin-induced effect on LDL-cholesterol, LOX-1 expression and protein kinase B phosphorylation in patients with hyperlipidemia. Along with the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, there are known dose related side effects shown in estimates as high as 22% of patients utilizing statins, including liver disease or severe myopathy [9, 10]. Multiple clinical trials have provided evidence that different forms of orally administered bergamot can reduce total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Pu P, Gao DM, Mohamed S, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhou XY, Zhou NJ, Xie J, Jiang H. Naringin ameliorates metabolic syndrome by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in mice fed a high-fat diet, Naringin Activates AMPK Resulting in Altered Expression of SREBPs, PCSK9, and LDLR To Reduce Body Weight in Obese C57BL/6J Mice. (), Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi, "Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers", "Citrus genus plants contain N-methylated tryptamine derivatives and their 5-hydroxylated forms", "Bergamot Orange - Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia", "Reellerin gzdesi, Bergamut(The most prominent marmalade: Bergamot)", "Decreto 15 novembre 2005 Designazione della Stazione sperimentale per le industrie delle essenze e dei derivati degli agrumi quale autorit pubblica, incaricata di effettuare i controlli sulla denominazione di origine protetta "Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria", registrata in ambito Unione europea, ai sensi del regolamento (CEE) n. 2081/92", Three generations of Turkish delight in Southern California, "Modification of ultraviolet carcinogenesis by photoactive agents", "Should subjects who used psoralen suntan activators be screened for melanoma? A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated a bergamot polyphenol fraction for lowering hyperlipidemia [30]. The fruit is also produced in Argentina, Brazil, Algeria, the Ivory Coast, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, and South-East Asia. Mollace V, Scicchitano M, Paone S, Casale F, Calandruccio C, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Nucera S, Riva A, Allegrini P, Ronchi M, Petrangolini G, Bombardelli E. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipemic effects of a new lecithin formulation of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets. The juice tastes less sour than lemon, but more bitter than grapefruit. Navarra M, Ferlazzo N, Cirmi S, Trapasso E, Bramanti P, Lombardo GE, Minciullo PL, Calapai G, Gangemi S. Effects of bergamot essential oil and its extractive fractions on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell growth. Integr Food Nutr Metab. Capsules containing 500 mg of bergamot polyphenol fraction with 50 mg of ascorbic acid were encapsulated for the study. University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice. One possible explanation for this variability (i.e. A reduction of total cholesterol (7.3%), LDL cholesterol (10%), and apolipoprotein B (2.8%) was observed.
The primary mechanism of statins includes the inhibition of the enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in mevalonate biosynthesis. A second mechanism that has been proposed with bergamot polyphenols is the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). [13] During World War II, Italy was unable to export to countries such as the Allied powers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200225 g) received a normal diet or a high cholesterol diet. about navigating our updated article layout. Increasing the expression of LDL receptor is beneficial for promoting the endocytosis of cholesterol rich LDL. government site. If you have diabetes, your blood sugar might reach unsafe levels. Patients were randomized into three groups as follows: 1) placebo (n=20) 2) bergamot polyphenol fraction (n=20) and 3) bergamot polyphenol fraction phytosomal formulation (n=20). One such example includes the bergamot fruit that has been investigated in pre-clinical and clinical studies for improving dysplipidemia. After 12 weeks, a reduction compared to baseline was observed with LDL (8%), total cholesterol (4%), triglycerides (34%), oxidized LDL (6%) and an increase in HDL (54%) occurred. However, much "Bergamot oil" is today derived instead from eau de Cologne mint, also known as bergamot mint, which is a variety of water mint and is unrelated to citrus. Further research beyond 30 days would be needed to determine if rosuvastatin and BPF can safely continue to be taken in combination. Pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase (pCEH) represents an additional target in disrupting cholesterol synthesis. A statistically significant decrease in triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol was observed. The class of compounds known as statins are potent inhibitors of HMG-CoA by competitively binding the active site where HMG binds. Prepare a solution for your skin. University of Minnesota Taking Charge of Your Wellbeing: How Do I Choose and Use Essential Oils?, FDA: "Tips for Dietary Supplement Users. FOIA Cirmi S, Bisignano C, Mandalari G, Navarra M. Anti-infective potential of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau (bergamot) derivatives: a systematic review. Changes in levels of lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, and HDL were observed, however, they were not statistically significant. Bergamot juice (1 mL) was found to significantly decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to hyperlipidemic controls (4.10 0.10 nmol/mg protein and 4.78 0.15 nmol/mg protein, respectively). Careers. C-glucoside flavonoids identified in bergamot include apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, diometin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, lucenin2, vicenin2, stellarin2, lucenin240methyl ether, scoparin, and orientin 40methyl ether; Flavone Oglycosides identified in bergamot include brutieridin, melitidin, rhoifolin 40Oglucoside, chrysoeriol 7Oneohesperidoside40Oglucoside, diosmin, rhoifolin, chrysoeriol 7Oneohesperidoside, narirutin, and neodiosmin. 2005 - 2019 WebMD LLC. Both formulations were able to show an increase in HDL cholesterol with BPF increasing HDL from 44 to 48 and BPF Phyto from 44 to 50. [15] Bergamot is one of the most common "casings" (flavorings) added to Swedish snus, a form of smokeless tobacco product. a subspecies of bitter orange).[9]. Given the documented benefits of lowering LDL-C, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, additional dietary and phytochemical approaches should be investigated as alternative methods to reducing indices of hyperlipidemia. Because many people use bergamot as an aromatherapy ingredient, its relatively easy to find bergamot oil wherever you shop for essential oils. Antioxidant activity of citrus limonoids, flavonoids, and coumarins. The site is secure. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that BPF can reduce total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides. [4] Use on the skin may be unsafe, particularly for children and pregnant women, and may cause rashes resulting from photodermatotoxicity.[4]. The first use of bergamot oil as a fragrance ingredient was recorded in 1714, and can be found in the Farina Archive in Cologne. Citrus bergamot is commercially grown in southern Calabria (province of Reggio), southern Italy. Musolino V, Gliozzi M, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Mollace R, Bosco F, Scarano F, Scicchitano M, Maretta A, Palma E, Iannone M, Morittu VM, Gratteri S, Muscoli C, Fini M, Mollace V. Lipid-lowering effect of bergamot polyphenolic fraction: role of pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase, Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents. 
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