name International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5 6): 544- 550. 
For the participants, the practices were linked to their sense of self, of womanhood and of cultural belonging. 7 (1): 124128. 
47 (4 ): 344-53. (eds.) The editorial Tracking system facilitates a user friendly article submission, review and publication. Conflicts and Politics of Identity in Sudan. Stice E (1994) Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action. Other authors, however, such as Sutherland M (2011) argue that dominant narratives of beauty not only encourage individuals to conform to them, but also shape how they perceive themselves and their worth. Int J Environ Res Public Health; 8 (6 ): 2516-23. Tove J, Swami V, Furnham A, and Mangalparsad R (2006) Changing perceptions of attractiveness as observers are exposed to a different culture. Vandenbosch L Eggermont S (2012) Understanding Sexual Objectification: A Comprehensive Approach Toward Media Exposure and Girls' Internalization of Beauty Ideals, Self-Objectification, and Body Surveillance. These beliefs are embedded in societies, shaped by societal factors, and thus variable in time and place. It is also evident that the socio-cultural context of how health is understood and improved remains a pressing consideration. Various methods were used by participants to achieve a lighter skin colour. overview collaborations carried includes europe through
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc: 97101. Baumann S (2008) The moral underpinnings of beauty: A meaning-based explanation for light and dark complexions in advertising. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. The participants had very clear views about the rationale underpinning and importance of their beauty regimes. The findings are presented as three interrelated themes: In response to general questions on the dominant perceptions of beauty in Sudan, many of the participants noted the changing nature of what is considered beautiful and acceptable in Sudanese society. With the move away from less harsh, traditional methods, this has led to the widespread use of chemicals and skin-bleaching products. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 female students from universities across Khartoum. This is evident in the switch from natural henna to black henna, the use of Dokhan now being complemented with a wide range of skin-lightening products, and the increased use of pills and insulin injections to supplement the gaining of weight through a sedentary life style and a high-calorie diet. 20 ( 7): 777780. biomedical For this reason, throughout the translation and transcribing process, words that did not have an straight forward equivalent were explored and discussed further to ensure that the final transcript conveyed the sentiments expressed. Of particular importance were scarification, as it reflected the tribal connections, and body size, with one respondent explaining: In the past, people considered obese and fat girls as beautiful. Moreover, there had been a simplicity in the beauty practices performed, as (Participant 2, aged 20 years) reflected: , In response to questions on modern-day notions of beauty, all the participants were aware that having light skin and being full-figured were very important; it was also important for married women to decorate their bodies with black henna. Grogan S (2008) Body image: understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. Each culture has a set of general beliefs about what constitutes femininity, female attractiveness, and beauty (Durn, 2013).
Lewis K, Robkin N, Karie Gaska K, Njoki L (2011) Investigating Motivations for Womens Skin Bleaching in Tanzania.
These authors concluded that the use of skin bleaching creams among these girls was associated with high levels of ignorance. In doing so, there has been constant minimisation and ignoring of the African elements of Sudanese culture. Of equal importance is the socio-cultural model of influence: the tripartite influence model (TIM) developed by Thompson et al.
Several reasons were given as to the importance of a large body size. The aim of the study presented in this paper was to explore Sudanese female university students perceptions of the ideal body in Sudan and common beauty practices. However, clear changes have taken place in the methods used to gain weight, and to lighten and decorate the skin. 2004).This model, rooted in the role and influence of parents, peers and media, is key to understanding the impact of body dissatisfaction on eating disorders. biomedical Current directions in abnormal psychology. 16 (2):503-9. Also participants had the right not to answer any question. The study findings were based on 19 semi-structured interviews conducted with female university students from different universities across the capital of Sudan (Table 1). The success of one method boosted others to adopt it. Data Source: Scopus, Metrics based on Scopus data as of April 2022, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Management Science and Operations Research, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Political Science and International Relations, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series, International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, International Journal of Nano and Biomaterials, International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications, Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering, Recent Patents on Drug Delivery and Formulation, Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering. The response to this societal focus by the participants varied. Kirwan L, Hgg T, Trk L, Welsby A (2002) Studies on the history of late antique and Christian Nubia. To date, few studies have investigated body ideation and body-image perception in developing countries.
The health risks associated with PPD poisoning include severe allergic reactions such as angioedema, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, flaccid paralysis, gastro- intestinal symptoms, and heart and renal failure. Participants used the expressions full-figured, not too fat, not too thin and medium-sized to refer to the ideal body weight for women in Sudanese society. Thompson J, Heinberg L, Altabe M and Dunn S (1999) Exacting beauty: theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance, Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Winant H (2000) Race and Race Theory. Dlova et.al (2014) conducted another study in South Africa that found that one third of African and Indian women used skin lightening products due to lack of awareness of the associated risks. Phelan S (2002) Fads and Fashions: The Price Women Pay, Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS, 9 (4):138143. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued warnings about the use of creams such as Diana and Rose which contain mercury which can cause kidney disease and affect foetal brain development. An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Authors such as Tove et al. 1999; Keery et al. Data Source: Scopus, Metrics based on Scopus data as of April 2022, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Management Science and Operations Research, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Political Science and International Relations, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering, Transactions of Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering, Assistive Technology Outcomes and Benefits, International Journal of Nano and Biomaterials, BMJ Surgery, Interventions, and Health Technologies, International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Journal of Biomedical Photonics and Engineering, International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications, Human Factors and Mechanical Engineering for Defense and Safety, Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering, Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi/Journal of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation and Technology, International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics, Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. 54 (2):245-8. al (2011). As in the past, there were other features such as long hair, a small nose, medium height (being neither too short nor too tall), wide eyes and a rounded, well-proportioned face that were seen to further enhance beauty: .
Psychology of Women Quarterly. Thompson JK, Stice E (2004) 'Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology', in Oltmanns T.F. These practices underpinned what it meant to be a Sudanese woman, as well as what it took to be considered desirable and of worth in a society where womens position and role remained unequal to mens in law, custom and politics. tribute loved gifts honor memorialize celebrate remember The rituals also enhanced their employment and marriage prospects, and their standing in their communities. Women's perceptions of the benefits and risks of skin-lightening creams in two South African communities. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain; Burlington, Vt., Ashgate/Variorum. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2022. First is Islam, the dominant religion practised in Sudan for centuries. Braun V and Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. The researcher gained consent from the universities to interview female students. Page Last Updated on 02/26/2015, Evaluation of a Health Education Intervention to Improve Knowledge, Skills, Behavioral Intentions and Resources Associated with Preventable Determinants of Infant Mortality, Impact of Medicare Part D on Racial and Ethnic Minorities, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Social care institute for Excellence(SCIE), Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI), Sudan, socio-cultural, body image, beauty practices, health risks, qualitative research. (2012) Mercury content in low cost skin lightening cream products. For some, the main method was maintaining a very sedentary lifestyle, although methods were often used in combination depending on how fast the weight had to be gained or to what extent the woman believed she would reach her desired goal. For instance, face scarifying and lip tattooing do not feature in the modern Sudanese female-body ideal; hence, these beauty rituals are practised less and less, although they remain important in the history of Sudan.
In terms of socio-economic background, all participants fell in the range of middle-class Sudanese. All the participants were given the right to withdraw at any time if they wished. New York: Guilford Press: 5179. Although the data reported here were collected in 2006, recent evidence shows these practices remain of importance to young women; there remains a need to explore the range of drivers behind such practices and how best to address their harmful impacts. Some believed that a combination of both physical attractiveness and moral values was essential for women to be viewed as beautiful. Black henna is extremely popular among Sudanese women (Prcic, 2011), with most making use of black henna produced by mixing natural henna with other substances such as a paraphenylenediamine (PPD). Furthermore, when Britain regained control over Sudan in 1890, the pre-existing dichotomy of the more-developed Islamic-Arabic north and the underdeveloped African south remained intact (Hunter 2002). Average acceptance to publication time (5-7 days), Average article processing time (30-45 days). The journal encourages advancements in the areas mentioned above in the form of research articles, reviews, commentaries, case studies and letters to the editors. Ibrahim (1972), a leading Sudanese feminist who has written widely in this area, argues that Sudanese culture is dominated by gender and ethnic inequality, and that in Sudan, women are perceived as weak, emotional and irrational individuals. Badri B (2006) Feminist Perspectives in the Sudan An analytical overview. A qualitative methodology was chosen in order to capture rich data about the participants views, perceptions and lived experiences. Fredrickson B, Roberts T, (1997) Objectification theory: Toward understanding womens lived experiences and mental health risks. Appointments for the interviews were booked with those who agreed to participate. Gender & Society, 16 (2):175-193. Henna was applied by both married and single women. Palgrave Macmillan.
As such, Sudanese culture is generally organised around the patriarchal extended-family model, as described by Mernissi (1991), and the state structure and power division reflect the dominance of men. Mercury can be absorbed into the bloodstream, causing damage to the kidneys, liver and brain, potentially leading to organ failure. The approach to data analysis was fundamentally inductive and interpretative, and drew on the six phases of thematic analysis that were developed by Braun and Clarke (2006), who claim that such analysis can be understood as a valuable and flexible approach to research and an appropriate tool for the rich and detailed interpretation of data. This article presents body-image and beauty-practice themes drawn from an in-depth qualitative study of young Sudanese women living in Sudan. Indeed, the findings revealed that the beauty rituals made many of the participants feel happy, fashionable, sexually attractive and Sudanese. The researcher confirmed that confidentiality would be maintained throughout the study. It is important to note that there were a few participants who did not make use of skin-lightening products and who were negotiating with dominant expectations of them, as the following participants reveal: Lastly, in terms of the changing notions of beauty in modern Sudanese society, the study revealed the importance of geographical location, and the fact that there were different attitudes to physical attractiveness in urban and rural areas. Particular transcripts were returned to the participants for validation. Projects. Participants in this study were higher and secondary school students in central Sudan. Ghana Med J. and Emery, R. E. Diversity & Equality in Health and Care received 5728 citations as per Google Scholar report. Once permission had been granted to make contact with the students, potential participants were identified and invited to take part in the study. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27 (6):443456. Third, the domination of Muslim-Arab Sudanese identity has given rise to hierarchical categories undermining other Sudanese ethnic groups (Kirwan et al., 2002). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants to allow for an exploration of key issues and topics, while allowing the researcher to retain a degree of control via the standardisation of the interview process (Denscombe, 2003). Hunter M (2002) if youre light youre alright light skin color as social capital for women of color. Skin lightening refers to attempts to lighten skin colour (Kooyers,et.al 2006). Int J Dermatol. Khartoum: Karmal. All the participants lived in Khartoum, but four participants were from rural areas of Sudan. The study adds to our knowledge of how beauty practices are perceived by women in Sudan, and of the role of place and socio-cultural factors. Unlike the idealisation of a slim figure (Stice, 1994; Thompson and Stice, 2004) and tanned skin that prevails in many modern Western societies (Phelan, 2002; Cafri et al., 2006), the dominant social perception of female physical attractiveness in many parts of Africa is to be largebodied, and to have skin that is light in colour (AL Qauhiz 2010; Yousif et. Subsequent papers will explore other aspects of the study. Data Source: Scopus, Metrics based on Scopus data as of April 2022, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Management Science and Operations Research, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Political Science and International Relations, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Bioengineering and Translational Medicine, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Journal of diabetes science and technology, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery. 13 (3):236-41. Percutaneous absorption of bleaching products is enhanced as the products are used for long periods of time, on large body-surface areas and in hot, humid environments (Olumide et al., 2008). U.S. Food and Drug Administration Poisoning Linked to Skin Products. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 85 (1 & 2) 45-59. For example, the participant 14 (aged 21 years) said: . Body Image issue Vol.1: 23725. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2022. The result of the study done by Yousif and his colleagues indicated that more than half of the Sudanese girls in higher and secondary school in central Sudan misuse skin lightening products. frederickweddings al (2014) conducted a study to examine the use of skin lightening creams that contain hydroquinone, corticosteroids and mercury. It can also cause mental illnesses such as psychosis, and changes in or loss of hearing, vision or taste. The paper explores these students views of dominant notions of beauty, and their own rituals and practices. weidman Journal of Communication 62 (5):869887. A numerical code was assigned to each interview. Dokhan smoke bath is a traditional method of lightening the skin, using a particular wood with a distinctive scent; however, it is mainly used by married women. 35 (2):218237. The last two phases involved analysing and refining the themes extracted from data reflecting the participants experiences and perceptions.
Keery H, van den Berg P, Thompson K (2004). Also important is the work by Cash and Pruzinsky (1990), Grogan (2008) Vandenbosch, (2012) and others on body-image perception and the range of actions people take in modifying their body and regulating their behaviour. Participant 4, aged 19 years, revealed: , Despite some participants indicating a reluctance to apply henna regularly, they generally agreed that it was essential to apply black henna at least once, on their wedding day. However, for the majority of the participants, skin lightening and the other beauty practices were important, and part of their daily lives. Data Source: Scopus, Metrics based on Scopus data as of April 2022, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Management Science and Operations Research, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Political Science and International Relations, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Translational Vision Science and Technology, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied Biomaterials, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, Biomedical Physics and Engineering Express, Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, Journal of diabetes science and technology, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery. [Online]. Tai Soon Y (2013) Directional Internalization of Sociocultural Values Related to the Appearance of Body Image and Self-Esteem. Accordingly, the dynamic process of conceptualising female physical beauty in Sudan, the beautification practices and the methods used to achieve beauty have changed and evolved over time. Although the data was collected in 2006, recent evidence shows these practices remain of importance to young women; there remains a need to explore the range of drivers behind such practices and how best to address their harmful impacts (Yousif et.
Idris (2005), in his book on slavery, race and formational identities, indicates that the historical and ongoing process of racialisation that is, how ideas about race are mapped onto particular groups or categories of populations in Sudan has continued, with certain identities that are seen as African being placed in a subordinate position to other groups that are privileged to be Arabs. stem cell yamanaka cells pluripotent paper research adult factors induction faqs induced Some also bought unknown mixtures of a number of products that had been blended by shopkeepers.
Kiawi E, Edwards R, Shu J, Unwin N, Kamadjeu R, and Claude Mbanya J, (2006) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour relating to diabetes and its main risk factors among urban residents in Cameroon: a qualitative survey.
Naser J, Kirm I. Peregrino P, Moreno V, Miranda V, Rubio D, Leal O (2011) Mercury levels in locally manufactured Mexican skin-lightening creams. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Over time and with scientific developments, women started using fewer of these natural substances and switched to new products and chemicals, in the belief they are more efficient in achieving similar results. Twenty-five women agreed to take part, and 19 actually took part. al, 2014; Peregrino, et al, 2011), hydroquinone (Amponsah , et al 2014) and corticosteroids (Gaudianoa et al., 2010). Gaudianoa M, Lucenteb D, Antoniellaa E, Bertocchia P, Mulerib N, Mannaa L, Bartolomeia M, Alimontia S, Valvoa L and Rodomonte A, (2010) For export only medicines come back to Europe: A RP-LC method for the screening of six glucocorticoids in illegal and counterfeit anti-inflammatory an lightening creams', Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 53 (2):158164.
- Carstens Throw Pillows
- Ocean Colony, Half Moon Bay
- Folsom Apartments San Francisco
- Pedders Coilovers Mustang
- Interior Design Riyadh
- Jansport Big Student Backpack Near Me
- Makeup Revolution Glass Skin Setting Spray
- Valspar Premium Finish With Micromist Spray
- White Glitter Sublimation Tumblers