The main products from complete incineration include water, carbon dioxide, ash, and certain acids and oxides, depending upon the waste in question. The polysaccharide chains constitute the O-antigens of the Gram-negative bacteria; the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are formed by lipid chains and carbohydrates; these LPSs are joined to the outer membrane by ionic and hydrophobic interactions; the groups of LPSs and phospholipids have a net negative charge, so that they are attributed to the cell surface charge of Gram-negative cells; and these are the primary sites of interaction with metal ions [30, 31]. / Zhang, T. C.; Surampalli, R. Y.; Tyagi, R. D. et al.
This condition allows to obtain microorganisms adapted and/or resistant to metals of interest, whose metabolic activity could favor the mobilization and/or immobilization of metals from a contaminating matrix; this is through the accumulation or adsorption of metals by biomass or the production of metabolites such as organic and mineral acids, chelating agents (siderophores and biosurfactants), and enzymes [15]. This chapter introduces the historical evolution and key developments of BTHW in aquatic and subsurface environments. Accumulated sludge must be removed periodically and subjected to further handling as a hazardous waste. 1 0 obj , ISBN-13 Collected leachate is pumped to a treatment plant. Hazardous waste incineration and pyrolysis systems include single-chamber liquid systems, rotary kilns, and fluidised-bed incineration systems. MC3B-10 and Bacillussp., respectively, the maximum sorption capacity of Cd2+ was 97mg/g for Microbactan and 141mg/g for B. firmusEPS, both at pH7 and 28C. 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. If the wastes are exposed to high temperatures in an oxygen-starved environment, the process is known as pyrolysis. Stabilisation techniques limit the solubility or detoxify waste contaminants even though the physical characteristics of the waste may not be changed. Since biological treatment systems do not alter or destroy inorganic substances, and high concentrations of such materials can severely inhibit decomposition activity, chemical or physical treatment may be required to extract inorganic materials from a waste stream prior to biological treatment. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Physical treatment, on the other hand, concentrates, solidifies, or reduces the volume of the waste. These include the fluidized-bed incinerator, multiple-hearth furnace, rotary kiln, and liquid-injection incinerator. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Using a mixed culture of Fe/S oxidizers with A. ferrooxidans, A. thiooxidans,and L. ferrooxidans, a recovery was achieved of 8390% of Ni and V from the spent catalyst at 10% (w/v) of pulp density [42]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness. The purpose of a biological treatment system is to control the environment for micro-organisms so that their growth and activity are enhanced, and to provide a means for maintaining high concentrations of the micro-organisms in contact with the wastes. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Some species like Bacillus[16, 22, 32], Pseudomonas[33], Streptomyces[34], and Microbacterium[24, 27] have already been tested for the recovery of some metals such as Cr (VI), Cu, Cd, Fe (III), Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn, Pd, Pt, Th, U, and V. Biological mechanisms involved in the removal of metals. The production of these acids involves a large number of enzymatic reactions, for example, gluconic acid is produced extracellularly in two steps, and the glucose in the medium is oxidized in a glycolysis process mediated by glucose oxidase. The chemical, thermal, and biological treatment methods outlined above change the molecular form of the waste material. (iii) Landfills are disposal facilities where hazardous waste is placed in or on land. 3. This includes processes that separate components of a waste stream or change the physical form of the waste without altering the chemical structure of the constituent materials. Table 1 shows some of the mechanisms used by microorganisms for the removal of metals. Microorganisms with potential for the treatment and recovery of metals. Anaerobic digestion is a method for decomposing organic matter by using anaerobic organisms in closed vessels in the absence of air; methane may be produced in the process. Licensee IntechOpen. : The five chemical treatment operations commonly used in treating wastes are as follows: 1. incinerator adr To understand and know the type of mechanism that each microorganism will use depend on how they interact with the environment and the contaminants; some factors are (1) microbial specie, (2) microbe-metal interactions, (3) growth medium composition, (4) pH, (5) temperature, (6) contact time, (7) oxygen, (8) osmotic pressure, (9) culture age, (10) microbial tolerance, (11) population density, (12) chemical and metal composition of solid wastes, (13) pulp density of waste, (14) size of particle of solid waste, (15) oxidation state of metals, and (16) presence of other toxic compounds [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. 4.
The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The physical processes that are commonly used in waste treatment operations are as follows: 1. Precipitation is a process for removing soluble compounds contained in a waste stream. waste hazardous household disposal storage treatment epa rule final pharmaceuticals p075 nicotine fda approved updates webinar compliance 2. : Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! This volume covers both the fundamental principles and practical applications of the biological treatment of hazardous wastes. 5. Alkaline solutions like ammonium and sodium hydroxides are also sometimes used. 7. In general, regulations and sustainability have been the biggest drivers for the development of technologies for BTHW. x=io:X$#Y{I>P-JbLuz&[iUW?u>{8*?w7/|Efcy!/_cYg^(V/uzSanVvX_UfloLzjm|u7}cw+x6z?w`+_fi/_|w p^X|URD~?kV},Mh6a-W\q9Wq;B2=.2py2E~to3U7"Zx2h^)W9l/SCZ)buh!J+1xB4s^S_am5%nA'
E*:+22%)MQyY system voc control odor biofiltration bio dual reactor activated carbon cost proeco Distillation is a process for separating liquids with different boiling points. In a single-chamber liquid system a brick-lined combustion chamber contains liquids that are burned in suspension; in addition to being the primary parts of an incineration system, these units are used as afterburners for rotary kilns. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Ion exchange is used to remove from solution ions derived from inorganic materials. High pressures are applied to force the liquid into the pores and fissures of the rock, where it is to be permanently stored. A specific chemical is added to produce a precipitate. Flotation is a process for removing solids from liquids by floating the particles to the surface by using tiny air bubbles. Electrodialysis is an extension of dialysis. author = "Zhang, {T. C.} and Surampalli, {R. , ISBN-10 The GEOCOAT technologies, together with a wide variety of additional expertise and patents, constitutes the GeoBiotics technology suite, including high-temperature bioleaching, toxins removal, HotHeap, BIOPRO, and other complementary processes focused around pretreatment, aeration, stacking, and instrumentation [54]. Landfilling of hazardous solid or containerized waste is regulated more stringently than landfilling of municipal solid waste. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. (iv) Land treatment is a disposal process in which hazardous waste is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 3. The process incorporates elements of two successful and commercially proven technologies: heap leaching and biooxidation, depending on temperature of operation, the heap is inoculated with mesophilic or thermophilic microorganism [53]. The chapter also briefly reviews topics like (1) molecular technologies, e.g., environmental molecular diagnostics and omics technologies; (2) optimization and green remediation; and (3) other selected technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, biosensors, and assessment of sustainability of BTHW and information fusing). Given the increase in the generation of waste contaminated with metals, strategies have been sought in which microorganisms are small factories for the transformation and/or decontamination of the waste through different mechanisms of each microorganism, thereby reducing the metal load in the residue, changing the oxidation state of the metal by making it less toxic, or recovering it either soluble or insoluble for reuse. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Dialysis is a process for separating components in a liquid stream by using a membrane. The bacteria have developed various resistance mechanisms to tolerate the harmful effects of toxic metals and have been abundant on the planet earth, and microbes have been exposed to them since basically the beginning of life, nearly 4 billion years ago [12]. In this technique the waste is carefully mixed with surface soil on a suitable tract of land. The main purpose of this chapter is to present and discuss the biological methods used in the treatment of solid waste containing metals and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. , Wiley-Interscience; 1st edition (December 2, 1997), Language By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Biological treatment of hazardous waste (BTHW) involves natural and/or engineered biological systems with living organisms for treatment of hazardous waste. Landfill mining: in many regions of the world, landfills have long been seen as a final way to store waste at minimum cost. doi = "10.1016/B978-0-444-63664-5.00014-9". AB - Biological treatment of hazardous waste (BTHW) involves natural and/or engineered biological systems with living organisms for treatment of hazardous waste. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. The solution is passed over a resin bed, which exchanges ions for the inorganic substances to be removed. The microorganisms used are autotrophic, heterotrophic bacteria as well as fungi. By Bienvenu Magloire Takem Mbi and Aloysious Kohtem L By Rodrigue Constant Sandjong Sani, Mama Ntoupka, Tou By Adjonou Kossi, Houetchegnon Towanou, Rabiou Habou, HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Marlenne Gmez-Ramrez and Sergio A. Tenorio-Snchez, Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences, Biological systems for the treatment and recovery of metals, Microorganisms with potential for the treatment and recovery of metals, Treatment of spent catalysts of the petrochemical industry by microbial route. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The extracted components are then removed from the immiscible solvent for reuse or disposal. : Pyrometallurgical recovery consists of the thermal treatment of ores and metal containing wastes to bring about physical and chemical transformations. Neutralisation is a process for reducing the acidity or alkalinity of a waste stream by mixing acids and bases to produce a neutral solution. The selection of the most effective technology depends upon the wastes being treated. One option for the disposal of liquid hazardous waste is deep-well injection, a procedure that involves pumping liquid waste through a steel casing into a porous layer of limestone or sandstone. These processes are very useful for separating hazardous materials from an otherwise non-hazardous waste stream so that they may be treated in a more concentrated form, separating various hazardous components for different treatment processes, and preparing a waste stream for ultimate destruction in a biological or thermal treatment process. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. The advantages of biotechnological treatment of hazardous wastes are biodegradation or detoxification of a wide variety of hazardous substances using natural microorganisms, as well as the availability of a wide range of biotechnological methods for the total destruction of these wastes without the production of secondary hazardous derivatives. The solid wastes generated from agricultural, electronic scraps, medical activity, metal finishing industry, industrial effluents, auto catalysts, manufacturing and recycling of batteries, fly ash, mining tailing, spent catalyst by petrochemical and petroleum refining industry mostly contain Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mo, Mg, Zn, Cr, Hg, Ni, V, Pb, Se, Zn, Ti, and so on and precious metals such as Au, In, Ag, Pd, Pt, and so on [9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. In order to reduce the amount of leachate in the fill and minimize the potential for environmental damage, an impermeable cap or cover is placed over a finished landfill. Physical treatment techniques are often used to separate the materials within the waste stream so that they can be reused or detoxified by chemical or biological treatment or destroyed by high-temperature incineration. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Biological Treatment of Hazardous Waste. There are many types of filters designed to achieve various levels of separation. 
: Hazardous waste can be treated by chemical, thermal, biological, and physical methods. In the United States, some 20,000 such sites have been identified; an estimated 2000 of these require immediate action. Centrifugation is most often used to dewater sludges. T. C. Zhang, R. Y. Surampalli, R. D. Tyagi, S. K. Benerji, Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding Chapter. Some liquid waste streams are commonly disposed of in underground injection wells. To counteract the effects of such contaminants, several methods and techniques have been implemented, each having its advantages and disadvantages. Obtaining the energy required for its metabolism is received through aerobic oxidation and the reduction of sulfur compounds, including sulfides, elemental sulfur, thiosulfates, and Fe2+, producing H2SO4 [38, 42, 50, 51]. Chemical methods include ion exchange, precipitation, oxidation and reduction, and neutralization. The result is that dissolved components with low molecular weights will pass through the membrane with the bulk liquid while the higher-molecular-weight components become concentrated through the loss of solvent. The secretion of these acids by the cell also lowers the pH in the medium, protonating it, causing the solubilization of metals from a solid matrix to the liquid medium. Food or forage crops are not grown on the same site.
Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Treatment with activated sludge involves exposing waste to a biological sludge that is continuously extracted from the clarified waste stream and recycled. Achievement of various objectives for BTHW requires understanding of the fundamentals related to the type/source of hazardous waste, environmental setting, strategies for BTHW, and effectiveness of treatment technologies. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Ultimately, after all treatment is completed, there remains an inorganic valueless residue that must be disposed of safely. It is very effective for extracting acids and metal salts from solutions. In these methods, it is important to find suitable microorganisms to degrade organic substances under favorable conditions to complete the treatment. 5. % Municipal solid waste(MSW): it is a complex material, which varies greatly in composition. The double leachate collection system consists of a network of perforated pipes placed above each liner. Home > Books > Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences, Submitted: December 12th, 2019 Reviewed: March 20th, 2020 Published: July 8th, 2020, Edited by Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. Compost production is normally produced by two methods, an aerobic process and anaerobic pre-treatment of MSW followed by an aerobic curing step. Hazardous wastes must be deposited in so-called secure landfills, which provide at least 3 metres (10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the landfill and the underlying bedrock or groundwater table. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Physical processes include evaporation, sedimentation, flotation, and filtration. The text includes information on hydrogreological, engineering and microbiological fundamentals. This type of treatment is applicable to streams containing heavy metals. When the bed loses its capacity to remove the component, it can be regenerated with a caustic solution. The chapter also briefly reviews topics like (1) molecular technologies, e.g., environmental molecular diagnostics and omics technologies; (2) optimization and green remediation; and (3) other selected technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, biosensors, and assessment of sustainability of BTHW and information fusing). Temporary on-site waste storage facilities include open waste piles and ponds or lagoons. PRGSd-MS-2 [16]. Leachate collection systems must be installed between the liners, and groundwater monitoring wells are required. These facilities are able to realise economies of scale by incorporating many treatment processes that might not be economical for individual generators. Achievement of various objectives for BTHW requires understanding of the fundamentals related to the type/source of hazardous waste, environmental setting, strategies for BTHW, and effectiveness of treatment technologies. If the wastes are heated in the presence of oxygen, combustion occurs, and the process is known as incineration. Achievement of various objectives for BTHW requires understanding of the fundamentals related to the type/source of hazardous waste, environmental setting, strategies for BTHW, and effectiveness of treatment technologies. Surface impoundments are often referred to as pits, ponds, lagoons, and basins. strains were shown to be able to remove cadmium and zinc from contaminated industrial residue and its ability varied according to carbon source [58].
These metal ions will be attracted by the negatively charged sites of cellular components. Currently, there are commercial systems of biorecovery of metals that use different biosorbent matrices, among which are AlgaSORB, AMT-BIOCLAIM, BIO-FIX, B.V.SORBEX, BIO-FIX, MetaGeneR, and RAHCO Bio-Beads; the first uses a biosorbent material based on algae Chlorella vulgariswith a thickness of 13mm consisting of an immobilized biofilm on a silica-gel matrix and is the most popular of these sorbents; this biological ion-exchange resin was able to bind both metallic cations and metallic oxoanions and could be competitive to commercial ion-exchange resins. The Gram-negative cell is a bit more complex, in which the peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) has a thickness of 27nm surrounded by an outer membrane of 78nm, and the peptidoglycan is between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane, which is composed of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), enzymes, and other molecules such as lipoproteins. 2. Waste stabilisation ponds are ponds in which wastes are allowed to decompose over long periods of time, aeration is provided only by wind action. We use cookies to improve your website experience. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Achievement of various objectives for BTHW requires understanding of the fundamentals related to the type/source of hazardous waste, environmental setting, strategies for BTHW, and effectiveness of treatment technologies. Evaporation is a process for concentrating non-volatile solids in a solution by boiling off the liquid portion of the waste stream. Due to high metal content, waste containing metals are considered as artificial source of minerals and valuable metals that can be recovered [9, 18, 22, 23]. procedure waste sharps management laboratory needles including Currently, the bioleaching process is the only one reported for the recovery of metals from depleted catalysts, where treatment efficacy has been proven up to 90% using Acidithiobacillusand Aspergillus. The chapter discusses advances and trends in treatment technologies for BTHW (e.g., {"}Re-NEW-able{"} wastewater, solid/hazardous waste management, biosimulation, and bio-augmentation). ), and to help transform these wastes into acceptable products in a cost-effective manner. A common type of temporary storage impoundment for hazardous liquid waste is an open pit or holding pond, called a lagoon. In the aerated lagoon method, waste is agitated with air in large enclosures to increase oxygen-dependent biological oxidation. The chapter also briefly reviews topics like (1) molecular technologies, e.g., environmental molecular diagnostics and omics technologies; (2) optimization and green remediation; and (3) other selected technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, biosensors, and assessment of sustainability of BTHW and information fusing). Biological Treatment of H has been added to your Cart. Given the solubility characteristics of metals in these acidic media, leaching processes have been successfully applied since the 1980s in large-scale treatments for the recovery of metals such as Ni, Co, Zn, Mo, V, Cd, Al, Cu, V, Fe, and Mn, from solid waste using microorganisms listed in Table 2 [5, 25, 26, 38, 39, 40, 41, 51]. : Unable to add item to List. abstract = "Biological treatment of hazardous waste (BTHW) involves natural and/or engineered biological systems with living organisms for treatment of hazardous waste. Contaminated soils: remediation techniques such as excavation, soil leaching/acid extraction, and soil washing are inadequate, costly, and often involved the storage of contaminated effluents in designated areas. In another study, that used the same microorganism, recovery was 45.8% of Ni in a concentration of 3% (w/v) of spent catalyst [41]. : Another plants of refractory gold tank bioleaching operations are located in Brazil (1991); West Australia (1993); Obuasi, Ghana (1994); Tasmania, Australia (2000); Shandong, PR China (2001); Krasnoyarsk, Russia (2001); Kazakhstan (2005); Victoria, Australia (2005); Ghana (2006); PR China (2006); and Uzbekistan (2008), with different capacities of operation [51]. There are five options for disposing of hazardous waste as follows: (i) Underground injection wells are steel and concrete-encased shafts placed deep below the surface of the earth into which hazardous wastes are deposited by force and under pressure. Sedimentation is a process for removing suspended solid particles from a waste stream. disposal Comprehensive facilities are also able to exploit the synergistic opportunities made possible by having many different types of waste present at a single site. Hazardous waste: it includes waste batteries, electronic waste, waste X-ray films, fly ash, petroleum spent catalyst, and metal finishing industrial waste. 9. Oxidation-reduction is a process for detoxifying toxic wastes in which the chemical bonds are broken by the passage of electronics from one reactant to another. One problem posed by hazardous-waste incineration is the potential for air pollution. Yet another process is solidification, which is achieved by encapsulating the waste in concrete, asphalt, or plastic. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously.
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