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"[17] Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value. Having been created of one essence. Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew: "You have heard that it was said, 'Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' [65], Advocates of free love had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases. The love of Radha, a cowherd girl, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme example of love for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. Chapter 14, Commitment, Love, and Mate Retention by Lorne Campbell and Bruce J. Ellis. Stone images of Kamadeva and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chennakeshava temple at Belur, in Karnataka, India. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention." Advea and mett are benevolent love. Agape ( agp) means love in modern-day Greek. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages "girlfriend", "boyfriend", "just good friends"). The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. "[18] Meher Baba stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Though modern usage of koi focuses on sexual love and infatuation, the Many used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness, benevolence, and material desire. Radha is considered to be the internal potency of Krishna, and is the supreme lover of Godhead. In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. As Thomas Aquinas explains, Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life, to be good people.

"[53], Saint Augustine wrote that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. In Buddhism, Kma is sensuous, sexual love. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. The solution to one of evolutions greatest riddles.

Several common proverbs regard love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love". Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years. [64], Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulfill earthly human happiness." The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written by an unknown author (presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms of love. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation; not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else. [42] The third term, ren'ai (), is a more modern construction that combines the kanji characters for both ai and koi, though its usage more closely resembles that of koi in the form of romantic love. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Non-love does not include any of these components. [9] Love has been postulated to be a function that keeps human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species. Michod[34] has reviewed evidence that love, and consequently sexual reproduction, provides two major adaptive advantages.

[37] However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. narcissism). Gaudiya Vaishnavas who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes consider Love for Godhead (Prema) to act in two ways: sambhoga and vipralambha (union and separation)two opposites.[61]. The Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. (1989). This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. [51], Pope Francis taught that "True love is both loving and letting oneself be lovedwhat is important in love is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be loved by God.

Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment. The Greek word erota means in love. Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment. Love as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy). The other limbs cannot remain at rest. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love. Xenia ( xena), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. Liking only includes intimacy. Being perfectly in love with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from material contamination. "[38], Eros ( rs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. Latin sometimes uses amre where English would simply say to like. Practitioners of Sufism believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. [23] Helen Fisher, an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. [62], The term "free love" has been used[63] to describe a social movement that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social bondage. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship and/or platonic desire (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self-emptying or divine love (agape). Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 2834). It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." To love one's friends is common practice, to love one's enemies only among Christians. (John 3:1617, NIV) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. (i) is used as both a verb (e.g. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai () was adopted to refer to a passionate, caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of Greek concepts for "love" (agape, eros, philia, storge) .

[citation needed] In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their love of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music. Do not even pagans do that? It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.

Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personalitypeople tend to like people similar to themselves.

It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud.

What we really feel is reflected in what we do. In recent years, the sciences of psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding of the concept of love. Lastly, consummate love includes all three components.

He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (agape) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). [citation needed] The Persian word for love is Ishq, which is derived from Arabic language; however, it is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted for "doost dashtan" ("liking"). "[57], Do not forget to love with forgiveness, Christ saved an adulterous woman from those who would stone her. "[55] And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, "the key to loveis not our activity. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents. [54], Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. In Mandarin Chinese, (i) is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of love. [68] The philosophical investigation of love includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal love, asking if and how love is or can be justified, asking what the value of love is, and what impact love has on the autonomy of both the lover and the beloved.[67]. The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the city, Romein Latin: Romacan be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),[40] which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. [21] Fromm also described love as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate as an involuntary feeling, but which then later no longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends only on conscious commitment. "[58], Love encompasses the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold faith. Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals.

The concept of (Mandarin: i) was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. He even says, "I was in love with love." Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to hunger or thirst.

Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love (antonyms of "love"). Infatuated love only includes passion.

But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. In contrast to kma, prema or prem refers to elevated love. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot. There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles. Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit, The commandment to love other people is given in the Torah, which states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). [21] In this sense, Fromm held that love is ultimately not a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, oneself, or many others, over a sustained duration. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with Interpersonal relationships. [24], Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. As an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word love is often applied to close friendships or platonic love. [21] Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. First, love leading to sexual reproduction facilitates repair of damages in the DNA that is passed from parent to progeny (during meiosis, a key stage of the sexual process). The Sciences, May/June, 22-27. Love has additional religious or spiritual meaning. [25], Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown in the ocean of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythologyin particular, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Influential Christian theologian C. S. Lewis wrote a book called The Four Loves. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. Describing love in the famous poetic interpretation in 1 Corinthians, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. [20], People can be said to love an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. [21], Evolutionary psychology has attempted to provide various reasons for love as a survival tool. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of bhakti, which can be found in the Bhagavata Purana and works by Tulsidas. DOI:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1989.tb02156.x. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[28][29]. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. This mentality created a vision of strongly defined gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free love movement as a contrast. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. (Saint Augustine's Confessions), Augustine regards the duplex commandment of love in Matthew 22 as the heart of Christian faith and the interpretation of the Bible. Abstractly discussed, love usually refers to an experience one person feels for another. The word agapo is the verb I love. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare. "[50] The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song. [16], The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating clich. [3][4][5], Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection, as "the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another" and its vice representing human moral flaw, akin to vanity, selfishness, amour-propre, and egotism, as potentially leading people into a type of mania, obsessiveness or codependency. You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man". [26], Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb. And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others?

If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? [66] These are also beliefs of feminism. Maara is another name for kma. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo. Prior to Western influence, the term koi ( or ) generally represented romantic love, and was often the subject of the popular Man'ysh Japanese poetry collection. ", Tertullian wrote regarding love for enemies: "Our individual, extraordinary, and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God's."[56]. Are not even the tax collectors doing that? Bhakti is a Sanskrit term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." Storge ( storg) is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.

[39] It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. In Hinduism, kma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kamadeva. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. Psychologist Erich Fromm maintained in his book The Art of Loving that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact, the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to one's commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal love but impersonal love, altruism, and strong spiritual or political convictions. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. [10], Ancient Greek philosophers identified six forms of love: essentially, familial love (in Greek, Storge), friendly love or platonic love (Philia), romantic love (Eros), self-love (Philautia), guest love (Xenia), and divine love (Agape). The reciprocal love between Radha (the supreme lover) and Krishna (God as the Supremely Loved) is the subject of many poetic compositions in India such as the Gita Govinda and Hari Bhakti Shuddhodhaya.

It can also mean "love of the mind.". Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. Her example of love is considered to be beyond the understanding of material realm as it surpasses any form of selfish love or lust that is visible in the material world. In this tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to love, and just an incidental by-product. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. Michod, R.E. [42][43] The term ai (), which is often associated with maternal love[42] or selfless love,[43] originally referred to beauty and was often used in a religious context. [34] However, some organisms can reproduce asexually without mating. There in hymn 129, it states: | [citation needed]. A world of wronged hypocrites needs forgiving love. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the neurotransmitter hormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, the same compounds released by amphetamine, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices seeing the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure. [17] This is an explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. Consequently, "I like you" (, W xhuan n) is a more common way of expressing affection in Mandarin; it is more playful and less serious. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of love: unrequited love, empty love, companionate love, consummate love, infatuated love, self-love, and courtly love. [32] Another factor may be that sexually transmitted diseases can cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase complications during childbirth. Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt. [38], Philia ( phila), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept addressed and developed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics Book VIII. [42][43], In contemporary literature, the Sanskrit words for love is "sneha". If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This would favor monogamous relationships over polygamy. ||[48] [30] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. The love of man and womaneros in Greekand the unselfish love of others (agape), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[51]. Empty love only includes commitment. It is not water, but it washes away everythingone's pride, religious rules, and one's shyness. In his Paris Talks, `Abdu'l-Bah described four types of love: the love that flows from God to human beings; the love that flows from human beings to God; the love of God towards the Self or Identity of God; and the love of human beings for human beings.[60]. [citation needed] Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by the terms placere or delectre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, edited by David M. Buss, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. Chesed, often translated as loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of love between human beings.

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