Recent studies have shown that chlorophyll fluorescence together with photosynthesis can better explain the differentiation that occurs in maize varieties. Furthermore, the parameter A and gs values were 2.1 times higher for the Ambrosini plants than for the KWS 1325 plants.
The mode of action of the preparation used here is preventative, so the strobilurin fungicide group are called new generation fungicides with a broad spectrum of activity. 
The stomata in the Ambrosini plants were opened more widely. Our study is in agreement with previous studies that observed that assimilation, transfer and use of light energy decreased in maize varieties under drought conditions. The application of the preparation caused an increase in the Yield parameter value, which was observed on the third day after application. In the literature, cultivars that are resistant or show more tolerance to stress have been shown to have a greater chlorophyll potential yield [61,62,63]. The biomass of each part of the plant is the final result of the efficiency of physiological processes that occur in the plant during the vegetative phase. Before harvesting, plant height was measured from the surface of the pot to the tip of the longest leaf. When there is a short period between the application of a particular substance and the occurrence of stress, it is often connected to a positive response from the plants. Triazoles promote responses by pre-inducing resistance to abiotic stresses, such as drought [19], and the effect of substances from this group may be inhibitory or stimulatory as it depends on the compound, concentration used and type of plant [20]. At lower light intensity values, the KWS 1325 variety exhibited more intense photosynthesis rates (Ec and the theoretical point of light saturation). The surplus energy can be dissipated as heat, or it can be re-emitted as light-chlorophyll fluorescence. The plants had not been watered for 23 days and after showing severe symptoms of drought (leaf curl maintained 24 hours a day), measurements of their physiological status were performed. All measurements were conducted for each of the plants on the same day and the order of replication was maintained. In similar experiments, the application of pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole fungicides in maize did not cause changes in stomatal conductance, although the authors suggested that the plants were not under stress [59]. Importantly, the ETR parameter value increased on the fifth day after application and the observed response was independent of plant variety. Currently, abiotic stress still limits plant yield even in the most technologically advanced farms.
Indeed, in some cases, negative effects are also observed [15,16].
Yet, when it is applied a long time after negative environmental conditions, a slight effect, or even a lack of effect may be observed [14]. Mohsenzadeh S, Malboobi MA, Razavi K, et al. [49] in wheat, corn, soybean and other crops. Accessibility Run 13) in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy at the University of Life Sciences in Poznan in 20132014 (Table 1). This study revealed varietal differences in the response to drought stress, which is consistent with the results obtained by Liu et al. A heatmap was used to show the lowest and highest parameter values. The saturation source was a 35W halogen lamp. Anyamba A, Small JL, Britch SC, Tucker CJ, Pak EW, Reynolds CA, et al. The new PMC design is here! The In this work, we did not focus on the reduction of yield due to drought stress but were more interested in plant protection and the preservation of productivity under drought stress. However, the effect may be time-limited. After harvesting, the plants were weighed, and their fresh and dry biomass were recorded (at 105C). Chlorophyll Fluorescence-a Practical Guide, Chlorophyll fluorescence to study the physiological condition of plants. There is general agreement that a decrease in the photosynthesis rate under water stress can result from both stomatal and non-stomatal restrictions [31]. et al. The increased concentration of intracellular CO2 suggests greater respiration rates and thus a greater consumption of energy and could explain why the dry matter content of the Ambrosini plants was lower after regeneration. Two-factorial pot experiments were carried out three times (i.e. Early reaction to water stress is important as plants build the first line of defence during this time, while it is harder for plants to survive more persistent stress periods. Plant photosynthetic efficiency (ETR and Yield parameters) during the drought stress phase and after regeneration was significantly higher than in the control plants. In the literature, some studies document a positive plant response with only slight side effects, or even the lack of any such reaction. Souza RP, Machado EC, Silva JAB, Lagaa AMMA, Silveirac AG. To prevent serious tissue damage caused by environmental stress factors, plants need to activate physiological responses [24].
All parameters were measured from 09:00 until 18:00 in an environmentally controlled greenhouse. FOIA In the KWS 1325 plants, no direct reaction was observed after spraying, and the application of the preparation did not facilitate photosynthesis or increase the transpiration rate. Careers, United Arab Emirates University, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. The use of pyraclostrobin in combination with epoxiconazole three days before inducing drought stress improved the efficiency of photosynthesis in the tested maize varieties.
In contrast to the beginning of the experiment, plants contained a higher concentration of chlorophyll after drought. Impact of Water Stress on Maize Grown OffSeason in a Subtropical Environment, Responses of plants to environmental stresses. In the period from sowing to the start of induced drought, the maize plants were maintained in optimal conditions.
Such molecules absorb water when it is available and release it to the plants during periods of limited precipitation. The parameters describing the function shown above were determined by minimising the sum of squares of errors. The help of Dominika Radzikowska MSc with the greenhouse trial and measurements is kindly acknowledged.
The saturation pulse is a short pulse of intense light to fully reduce Photosystem II (PSII) in a leaf. Hazem M. Kalaji is employed by White Hill Company. The preparation was applied to KWS 1325 (conventional) and Ambrosini (stay-green) varieties at the recommended dose, three times in greenhouse conditions. Bulg, Photochemical and antioxidant responses in the leaves of Xerophyta viscosa Baker and Digitaria sanguinalis L. under water deficit. Commonly, it has been shown that it is more difficult for maize to survive stress that occurs in late developmental stages (pollination and the grain filling stage), and which is associated with major losses of crop yield. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, GUID:95CDF28F-EC4F-44D7-B88E-3C6A08FAC63D. beet sprayed The yield of PSII (Yield parameter) and ETR were 13.1 and 13.3% respectively higher in the Ambrosini than in the KWS 1325 plants treated with pyraclostrobin and epoxiconazole. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Measurements of the physiological status of the plants were always performed on the 11th leaf of the plants. The measurement was done during the drought stress phase. This was seen by the lack of complete closure of the stomata (high gs), active transpiration rates (E), and a more efficient photosynthetic rate (A). Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (, Effects of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. Rybka K, Nita Z. The KWS 1325 plant variety exhibited a greater increase than the Ambrosini variety.
3rd Int. the factory setting for an approximate value of 0.1 mol m-2 s-1). Photosynthetic rate (A) of single leaves was measured on the first fully mature leaf during the elongation stage using a portable photosynthesis system LCpro-SD (ADC BioScientific Ltd., UK) with a narrow leaf chamber (area: 5.8 cm2). For KWS 1325, the use of the preparation led to an increase in dry biomass of a single plant (an increase of 1.71 g per plant) and in the individual elements of its structure. Przybysz A, Maecka-Przybysz M, Sowiski A, Gawroska H. The effect of Asahi SL on growth, efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus and yield of field grown oil seed rape. Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N, Davis TD. The difference was 10.2 cm in comparison with the control plants and was statistically significant. Therefore, the use of the preparation on the Ambrosini variety did not reduce transpiration rates despite drought stress. White Hill Company provided support in the form of salary for author MHK, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. For the KWS 1325 plants, the increase was 0.93 g per plant, respectively.
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland, 2
In the KWS 1325 plants, no significant difference in A was observed during drought stress in the preparation-treated plants when compared to the control groups. The preparation had a positive impact on the chlorophyll content in the maize leaves. The pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole preparation increased stomatal conductance and photosynthesis intensity in the Ambrosini plants. Growth of the plants was evaluated by the yield of dry matter collected after the completion of the regeneration phase (Table 4). Physiological effects of strobilurin fungicides on plants, Publ. Physiological effects of the strobilurin fungicide F 500 on plants In Dehne H W, Gisi U, Juck KH, Russel P E, Lyr H, editors: Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds III, Stomatal protection against hydraulic failure: a comparison of coexisting ferns and angiosperms, Cuticular water permeability and its physiological significance, Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. The authors also thank the KWS company for providing the seeds of the two maize varieties used as test plants in the experiments. a; bhomogeneous groups (Tukeys test). It has also been reported that the decrease in grain yield due to severe stress can reach up to 80% [41,44,45]. The conditions in the greenhouse while conducting the experiments were as follows: photoperiod- 16 h light / 8 h dark; temperature- 2530C. Euclidean distance measures and Ward hierarchical clustering were used to determine the dendrogram. Physiological and molecular responses of Aeluropus lagopoides (, Stefania Evaluation of chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters as indicators of drought tolerance in barley, Differential sensitivity of C 3 and C 4 plants to water deficit stress: association with oxidative stress and antioxidants, Tolerance of photosynthesis to photoinhibition, high temperature and drought stress in flag leaves of wheat: a comparison between a hybridization line and its parents grown under field conditions, Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery, Understanding plant responses to drought-from genes to the whole plant.Functional, Cold, salinity and drought stresses. Malepszy S, Przybecki Z, Kowalczuk C, Filipecki M. Sekwencjonowanie genomw staje si nowym skadnikiem postpu w hodowli rolin, Reaction of spring wheat to the application of bio-stimulators and soil absorbents, Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering. UEPG Ci. An official website of the United States government. Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, traditional leaf senenscence KWS 1325 and stay-green Ambrosini were obtained from KWS-Poland for experiments. Swoboda and Pedersen [46] also reported that growth of soybean was enhanced by a foliar spray of pyraclostrobin. The application of the preparation led to a higher Ek value observed after the regeneration of plants (Table 3). During generative development, a lack of water can affect yield components. The preparation reduced the varietal differences between plants. This was true for both the Ambrosini and KWS 1325 plants. The most beneficial effect would be induced resistance from the plants. Thus, this would indicate that during drought stress, gas exchange in these plants is more intense than in the control plants of the same variety (Fig 1C).Transpiration and photosynthetic rate of Ambrosini treated with pyraclostrobin and epoxiconazole increased 0.38 and 4.31 respectively, in comparison to control without preparation. Junqueira VB, Costa AC, Boff T, Mller C. Mendona MAC, Batista PF. Water deficit during these periods can lead to a severe loss in maize yield and its components. This energy can be used to conduct photosynthesis. This result can be related to the mode of action of the preparation, e.g. Ambrosini is a variety where the processes of mitochondrial respiration (parameter R) during drought stress tend to be more intense than in KWS 1325 plants (Table 3).
Sharp RE, Poroyko V, Hejlek LG, Spollen WG, Springer GK, Bohnert HJ. Learn more The use of a preparation that supports plants under drought stress produced the desired effect, which differed between the two maize varieties. Triazoles as plan growth regulators and stress protectants, Model concept to express genetic differences in maize yield components, Effects of soil-water deficits during tassell emergence on development and yield component of maize (. In turn, this leads to a reduction in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is particularly important under stress conditions. Timing of azoxystrobin + propiconazole application on maize to control northern corn leaf blight and maximize grain yield, Physiological effects of azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole on senescence and the oxidative status of wheat, Effect on the ultrastructure of chloroplast in maize seedings under salt stress.
Formula (1) was used to determine plant water use efficiency (WUE): where A represents photosynthetic rate (mol CO2 m-2 s-1) and E represents transpiration rate (mmol H2O m-2 s-1). ns no statistically significant influence on tested trait (p > 0.05). The observations made on the Ambrosini variety were different; as this variety exhibited higher Yield and ETR parameter values than KWS 1325. Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland, All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Distinct roles of electric and hydraulic signals on the reaction of leaf gas exchange upon re-irrigation in Zea mays L, The Effect of the Interaction between Genotypes and Drought Stress on the Superoxide Dismutase and Chlorophyll Content in Durum Wheat Landraces, Effect of Drought Stress on Leaf Chlorophyll in Corn Cultivars (Zea mays), Bioregulatory effects of the fungicidal strobilurin kresoxim methyl in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Before Furthermore, the authors indicated that using pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole at the recommended dose did not cause toxic effects [59]. Then, 5 maize kernels were laid on the soil and covered with a new layer of soil. The measurement was carried out on plants protected with the preparation during the drought stress phase. Other studies have confirmed that following stress induced by moisture deficits in soils, plants close the stomata in the leaves, decrease rates of net CO2 uptake and adjust their metabolic processes [23,53]. The Ambrosini variety, in contrast, showed a lesser ability to use low light intensity. Reference H2O) were kept as ambient conditions. The mechanism described above protected the plants subjected to drought stress to some extent. This parameter shows that under drought stress Ambrosini plants respired more intensively than KWS 1325 plants. Plant photosynthetic efficiency (ETR and Yield parameters) during drought stress and after regeneration was significantly higher in treated plants than in the controls. Notably, the R parameter for the preparation-treated Ambrosini plants during drought stress was significantly higher than the value of this parameter for the KWS 1325 plants and could explain the minor increase observed in dry matter of Ambrosini plants, as well as the smaller number of maize cob buds. Objects: KWS 1325_ control (K_C), Ambrosini _ control (A_C), KWS 1325 + preparation (K+P), Ambrosini + preparation (A+P). It has been shown in many studies that biostimulators are able to alleviate the negative effects caused by climatic stress factors.
The sprayed plants contained 14.3% (drought stress) and 6.1% (after regeneration) more chlorophyll than the control plants (Table 2). A similar plant was left in each pot after thinning. Stomatal conductance of Ambrosini plants growing under drought stress and treated with the preparation was increased more than threefold (from 0.006 to 0.019) in comparison with the control group. An overview. One possibility to deal with the effect of drought stress is to reduce the negative impact of water deficiency through the use of biostimulators, which support plant tolerance during stress in the vegetative period. Thus, the beneficial effects on the physiology of the maize varieties grown under drought stress from the fungicide application are significant for farmers and growers.
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the biostimulatory activity of the fungicide pyraclostrobin (500 F) in combination with epoxiconazole on two maize varieties, i.e., conventional and stay-green, when subjected to drought stress. [55] indicate that pyraclostrobin induces the activity of ACC-synthase and synthesis of ethylene in wheat during stress and plant senescence.
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