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0000156808 00000 n Their review concluded, "A high acute risk to honey bees was identified from exposure via dust drift for the seed treatment uses in maize, oilseed rape and cereals. bnh~G]_ maxforce impact roach bait gel insecticide nexles bayer [4][8][9][10][11][12][13], Clothianidin has been prequalified for indoor residual spraying by the World Health Organization in 2017. Bayer or Takeda) had recently added new uses on the labels, including using the pesticide directly applied to the soil surface/foliage at much higher application rate than as specified in 2003.
+tC=`("(#}$ Dd E'"*a(! endobj Besides using the available information in the notifications provided by the Member States, EFSA was asked to also request access from the concerned Member States to the original applications for these emergency authorisations and the full evaluation conducted by the Member States of these application(s). AXXE Broad Spectrum Herbicide, OMRI Listed, 2.5 Gal. WT2a ,fY6sxrJHm xref pesticide law and are generally associated with acute poisoning of bees from pesticide dust being blown off of treated seeds, especially corn, and onto nearby farms where bees were performing pollinator services. Following inconclusive votes (no qualified majority) in the Standing (October 2019) and Appeal (November 2019) Committees, the Commission adopted the measures on 3 February 2020. In a 2010 EPA report, it was noted that the registrant (e.g. hb```" V eap Veak3k"'QLhDPi=4=Shf[FYj1Z.1{P4UEN@)8ZzI!'86|M; ;i(J+NH=M" %GDIl)gB3HnyzT(W EPA classified the remainder as supplemental, generally because Bayer AG conducted the studies without EPA first approving the protocols. They concluded: "The consequent acute lethal effect evidenced in all the field sowing experiments can be well compared with the colony loss phenomena widely reported by beekeepers in spring and often associated to corn sowing. 0000092759 00000 n The scientists studying CCD have tested samples of pollen and have indicated findings of a broad range of substances, including insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. ), and seed treatment uses, in which clothianidin coats seeds that take up the pesticide via the roots as the plant grows. 0000157499 00000 n xb``0f`` Clothianidin is an alternative to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides. [15] Followed by conditional registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, pending the completion of additional study of its safety to be done by December 2004. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. r3>KZzzzq&Np \`HMyt1 v{@zy{i*{tS?d@jqQ^0dS+?#I|TfLYuc2>DALinbMpgEG70^N0`}Or,$b? 0000003230 00000 n [60] Indicative of the rapid advance of regulators' understanding of pollinator science, USEPA first accepted one of the studies as sound science in 2007, then reclassified it as invalid in November 2010 only to reclassify it as supplemental one month later. j'G eh{ 76.gIZcDx?rZ3I+&RFA+*C+v(0PYasYai1||D`1g!Yc0*;L|*Cx2 In the light of the outcome of the assessment by EFSA and the reaction of the EU countries concerned, the Commission proposed decisions requiring Romania and Lithuania not to grant emergency authorisation in accordance with Article 53(3) for the uses of these neonicotinoids for future seasons to the Member States in the Regulatory Committee. Rene Johnson for the Congressional Research Service January 7, 2010, European Food Safety Authority (16 January 2013), Tania Rabesandratana for ScienceInsiderApril 29, 2013, risk to freshwater and estuarine/marine fish, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, "Australian evaluation of the new active CLOTHIANIDIN", "Background Information On Use Of Neonicotinoid Pesticides And Their Effects On Bees", Congressional Research Service Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder, "Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin", "Registration Decision RD2013-14, Clutch 50 WDG, Arena 50 WDG and Clothianidin Insecticides", "Mode of Action Classification Table for Uk Approved Insecticide Active Substances", "Background Information On Use Of Neonicotinoid Pesticides And Their Effects On Bees, see Action in other Member States", "WHO Prequalification Vector Control SumiShield 50WG", Discovery and Development of aNovel Insecticide Clothianidin, Leaked document shows EPA allowed bee-toxic pesticide despite own scientists red flags | Grist, "USEPA Freedom of Information Act e-Reading Room for Clothianidin", "Clothinidin Status: 2010 Reclassification of Clothianidin Field Study for Pollinators", Emergency Citizen Petition to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Advice Summary, Application for Registration of a Chemical Product", "Advice Summary, Application for Variation of a Registered Chemical Product", "Evaluation Report ERC2011-01, Clutch 50 WDG, Arena 50 WDG and Clothianidin Insecticides", "Proposed Maximum Residue Limit PMRL2011-30, Clothianidin", "U.S. Federal Register Notice: Clothianidin; Pesticide Tolerances", "Keeping our Food Safe: Measuring, Monitoring and Assessing Residues", "Official Journal of the European Union, amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for chlorothalonil clothianidin, difenoconazole, fenhexamid, flubendiamide, nicotine, spirotetramat, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam in or on certain products", UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY MEMORANDUMSUBJECT: Clothianidin Registration of Prosper T400 Seed Treatment on Mustard Seed (Oilseed and Condiment) and Poncho/Votivo Seed Treatment on Cotton, "'Pollination crisis' hitting India's vegetable farmers", "Australian evaluation of the new active CLOTHIANIDIN, p35", "Clothianidin Status web page, Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation section", "Weakening, collapse and mortality of bee colonies, last bullet on p. 49", "Weakening, collapse and mortality of bee colonies, p.88", "Evaluation of Pesticide Incident Report 2010-3100", "Evaluation of Pesticide Incident Report 2010-3391", "Evaluation of Pesticide Incident Report 2010-4374", "Pesticide News Story: EPA Acts to Protect Bees", "Ecotoxicity of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Bees", "Assessment of the Environmental Exposure of Honeybees to Particulate Matter Containing Neonicotinoid Insecticides Coming from Corn Coated Seeds", "RFID Tracking of Sublethal Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Foraging Behavior of, "Researchers: Honeybee deaths linked to seed insecticide exposure", "Multiple Routes of Pesticide Exposure for Honey Bees Living Near Agricultural Fields", "Re-registration Requirements Following Further Annex I Inclusion Decisions, see Other updates section", "Weakening, collapse and mortality of bee colonies, pp.143-144", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422440", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422439", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422431", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422436", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422437", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422435", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422438", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422434", "Reclassification of MRID 46907801 Data Package for Clothianidin", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 46907801/46907802", "January 24, 2011 International SETAC Pellston Workshop", "Notice of Approval Number: 0065 of 2011, Approval and Consent for a Plant Protection Product", "Assessment of the scientific information from the Italian project 'APENET' investigating effects on honeybees of coated maize seeds with some neonicotinoids and fipronil", European Commission Goes Ahead With Controversial Pesticide Ban, "Insecticide 'unacceptable' danger to bees, report finds", "Total ban on bee-harming pesticides likely after major new EU analysis", "EU agrees total ban on bee-harming pesticides ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothianidin&oldid=1095731092, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, environmental persistence in soil and subsequent uptake in rotational crops, long-term effects on honey bees and other pollinators, acute toxicity to freshwater invertebrates, This page was last edited on 30 June 2022, at 01:25. For clothianidin, hazard mitigation includes establishing the maximum amount of the chemical that can be used (e.g. The Commission updated this mandate with a request to assess additionally the emergency authorisations granted by France and Germany for the use of these neonicotinoids for the 2021 sugar beet growing season. EU[*@qtVw?#FQQ)6@e$ 0000003011 00000 n <> However, according to the EPA, the use of sticking agents to reduce dust from treated seeds is standard practice in the U.S.[41][42], In a July 2008 German beekill incident, German beekeepers reported that 50 to 100 percent of their hives had been lost after pneumatic equipment used to plant corn seed blew clouds of pesticide dust into the air, which was then pushed by the wind onto neighboring canola fields in which managed bees were performing pollinator services. USEPA's analysis of nine pollinator field studies submitted concluded that three were invalid, so EPA did not use the data they provided in making its regulatory decision for clothianidin. The approval of a fifth neonicotinoid, thiacloprid was withdrawn on 3 February 2020. [11], In the 2003 EPA report it was stated that although no water monitoring studies had been conducted, due to the extreme mobility and persistence of clothianidin in the environment, clothianidin has the properties of a chemical which could lead to widespread groundwater contamination should the registrant (e.g. 0000092267 00000 n EFSA assessed whether the repeated use of these emergency authorisations was indeed justified because of a danger which could not be contained by any other reasonable means. kg/acre or mg/seed), requiring buffer zones around treated fields to protect water supplies, and prohibiting the use of low-technology seed treatment methods or equipment that can send clouds of clothianidin dust or spray up into the air during seeding operations.[3][4][22][63]. The petitioners state that they are aware that the EPA has moved up its registration review of clothianidin and other neonicotinoids in response to concerns about their impacts on pollinators, however they note that this process is projected by the EPA to take six to eight years and is thus grossly insufficient to address the urgency of the threat to pollinators. "[7], Clothianidin is authorized for spray, dust, soil drench (for uptake via plant roots), injectable liquid (into tree limbs and trunks, sugar cane stalks etc.
EFSA has evaluated data collected in an open call for the review of the 2013 restrictions for the above-mentioned neonicotinoids as foreseen in Regulation (EU) No 485/2013.
0000016595 00000 n 2!,,LL ()33,:U))94'00a_7W m$X#,V7Ie?L^p0Wo'1 prJ H7I`2~\qJJ75woU>Ot|U(NEM=p}ZLWGtpsN`#c _/:ymUg4f{(a/lqU44. All rights reserved. It poses lower risks to mammals, including humans, when compared to organophosphates and carbamates. This product is in short supply due to a global Glyphosate shortage. Worst-case scenario estimates indicate that if applied at the maximum rate repeatedly over years, clothianidin has the potential to accumulate in the top 15cm of soil. 138 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<49441D6E4FBFA544B82B02DAEFB21778>]/Index[114 37]/Info 113 0 R/Length 112/Prev 139280/Root 115 0 R/Size 151/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream &Y-6GDrEJ- Honey bees are thought to possibly be affected by such chemicals, which are known to work their way through the plant up into the flowers and leave residues in the nectar and pollen that bees forage on. To reduce the possibility that birds and small mammals might eat treated seeds, users are required to ensure that soil covers planted seeds and that any spilled seed is picked up. [4][11][17][20][21], Because it is systemic, persistent and highly toxic to honey bees, the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency has requested additional data to fully assess the potential effects of chronic exposure of clothianidin, resulting from its potential movement into plant pollen and nectar. 1 0 obj A draft Regulation proposing a renewal of approval has been presented to the Member States on 5-6 October 2017. 0000092525 00000 n 3 0 obj
The suspensions are reflective of E.U.
Arena 0.25 G Granular Clothianidin Insecticide Provides the best control and the longest-lasting residual out there. The deadline for this evaluation was postponed to February 2018 due to the amount of data to be assessed, the complexity of the request and to give Member States experts sufficient opportunity to comment on EFSA's draft conclusions. 0
Toxicity varies depending on whether the exposure occurs on a short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) basis. [28], According to the EPA, clothianidin is practically non-toxic to test bird species that were fed relatively large doses of the chemical on an acute basis. endstream
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The measure was based on a risk assessment of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2012. [65] The ban restricted the use of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam for use on crops that are attractive to bees (maize, cotton, sunflower, and rapeseed), and goes into effect on December 1, 2013. [68] In April 2018, the member states of the European Union decided to ban the three main neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. endstream
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startxref
Treegator Original is a slow release watering bag that is perfect for newly planted or established trees from 1 to 8 inches in trunk diameter, with branches beginning at least 25 inches from the ground or higher.
Bayer did not complete the study on time and asked for an extension. 0000011519 00000 n
Workers are protected from clothianidin exposure through requirements for personal protective equipment, such as long-sleeve shirts, gloves, long pants, boots, and face mask or respirators as appropriate. clothianidin insecticide wdg In the light of these restrictions, the applicants for the renewal of approval of clothianidin,thiamethoxam and imidacloprid withdrew their applications. However, studies published in 2012 show that neonicotinoid dust released at planting time may persist in nearby fields for several years and be taken up into non-target plants, which are then foraged by bees and other insects. As a result, the potential for clothianidin to move from the treated area to the nearby surface water body under the new uses is much greater than with use as a seed treatment. |M4cEHW%|a7.qP:hXN3F|7z,2eJ&9}wIrS2U'-HpYA-|Un?7>45Fx0|9|l;;1")&eZ'Ax.*TAK2X:/"\y4x) GRN-v76Pa0/ [3][4][5], Clothianidin was first given registration for use as a pesticide by the Japan Plant Protection Association in 2001. 
It has helped prevent insect pests build up resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides. 0
[18] An international group of pesticide regulators, researchers, industry representatives, and beekeepers is working to develop a study protocol that will definitively answer remaining questions about the potential long-term effects on bee colonies and other pollinators. The Regulation renewing the approval until 28 February 2033 has been published in the Official Journal of the European Union. [29] Beginning in 2006, beekeepers in the United States began to report unexplained losses of hives 30 percent and upward leading to a phenomenon called colony collapse disorder (CCD). The cause of CCD remains under debate, but scientific consensus is beginning to emerge suggesting that there is no one cause but rather a combination of factors including lack of foraging plants, infections, breeding, and pesticideswith none catastrophic on their own, but having a synergistic effect when occurring in combination. Talc is used in the vacuum system planters to keep pesticide treated seeds flowing freely and was studied by the investigators since the waste talc can be picked up by the wind, and could spread the pesticide to non-treated areas; they did not however investigate whether and how much pesticide spreads this way. [2], Clothianidin is an alternative to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides. Z1Ea3'}u-zwP[:qPg8faS?&H [11][22], Clothianidin is moderately toxic in the short-term to mammals that eat it, and long-term ingestion may result in reproductive and/or developmental effects. Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids act on the central nervous system of insects as an agonist of nAChR, the same receptor as acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that stimulates and activating post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors but not inhibiting AChE. 0000001396 00000 n
The date was postponed to May 2005 and they also granted Bayer the permission it had sought to conduct its study on canola in Canada, instead of on corn in the United States. As a result, all outdoor uses of the three substances are banned and only the use in permanent greenhouses remains possible. Grandevo WDG Bioinsecticide Miticide is a new water dispersible granule formation that contains several active compounds that repel, stop feeding, reduce reproduction and induce mortality to prevent the development of damaging populations of sucking and chewing insects, flies and mites. [46][47] Also in 2012, researchers in Italy published findings that the pneumatic drilling machines that plant corn seeds coated with clothianidin and imidacloprid release large amounts of the pesticide into the air, causing significant mortality in foraging honey bees.[48]. 0000002847 00000 n
Pesticide Fact Sheet Name of Chemical: Clothianidin. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substnaces, 30 May 2003. Bees disappeared at the level of 1 ng for clothianidin, while we could register the first bee losses for imidacloprid at doses exceeding 3 ng.
Copyright 2022 Forestry Distributing a Horizon Company. It is formulated to deliver maximum performance and provide fast-acting results on a long list of weeds and grasses, as well as most mosses and lichens. [62], Laboratory and field testing shows that clothianidin is persistent and mobile in the environment, stable to hydrolysis, and has potential to leach to ground water and be transported via runoff to surface water bodies. startxref
0000157257 00000 n
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6 The Commission requested the Member States concerned to commit not to repeat the granting of the emergency authorisations in question, which two of the four accepted. 0000092503 00000 n
However, in a 2012 statement the EPA reported that they are not aware of any data demonstrating that bee colonies are subject to elevated losses due to long-term exposure when clothianidin products are used at authorized rates. 2 0 obj
Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG. [67], In February 2018, the European Food Safety Authority published a new report indicating that neonicotinoids pose a serious danger to both honey bees and wild bees. 0000059006 00000 n
[17][18], In 2012, arguing that after more than 9 years the EPA continues to maintain the registration status for clothianidin despite the fact that the registrant has failed to supply satisfactory studies confirming its safety, an alliance of beekeepers and environmental groups filed a petition on March 21 asking the EPA to block the use of clothianidin in agricultural fields until they have conducted a review of the product. Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids were developed to last longer than nicotine, which is more toxic and which breaks down too quickly in the environment. leaves), systemic pesticides are taken up by the plant and transported throughout the plant (leaves, flowers, roots and stems, as well as pollen and nectar), Neonics are much more toxic to invertebrates, like insects, than they are to mammals, birds and other higher organisms, Neonics affect the central nervous system of insects, leading to eventual paralysis and death, They are also common in veterinary applications such as tick control and flea collars for pets. In a November 2007 memo EPA scientists declared the study scientifically sound, adding that it, satisfies the guideline requirements for a field toxicity test with honeybees.[3][16], Clothianidin continued to be sold under a conditional registration, and in April 2010 it was granted an unconditional registration for use as a seed treatment for corn and canola. [3] The Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada lists it as "very highly toxic" to aquatic invertebrates, but only slightly toxic to fish. %7,KL\AhwSby 0DB/:
.8m'#L!P!I|L 9L[`#k =uva>t*xl%W:1Av"uEu"IFsPuS%/!t"fEZu(QPhN9cOif;JB_kwPhL2YSNc{4
Lab8sLrhWGGx$ [3][4][10] Using laboratory test animals as surrogates for humans and dosages much higher than are expected from exposure related to actual use, rats showed low short-term oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity to clothianidin. 0000133054 00000 n
[6] In January 2013, the European Food Safety Authority stated that neonicotinoids including clothianidin pose an unacceptably high risk to bees, concluding, "A high acute risk to honey bees was identified from exposure via dust drift for the seed treatment uses in maize, oilseed rape and cereals. [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] Supplemental studies are ones that don't definitively answer uncertainties but still provide some data that might be useful in characterizing risk. 0000009988 00000 n
[19], Regulatory authorities describe the toxicological database for clothianidin as "extensive", and many studies have been reviewed to support registrations around the globe for this chemical. Consequently, the approval of these substances expired on 31 January 2019, 30 April 2019 and 1 December 2020, respectively. Eu&nh2tQY1 
It prohibits the use of these three neonicotinoids in bee-attractive crops (including maize, oilseed rape and sunflower) with the exception of uses in greenhouses, of treatment of some crops after flowering and of winter cereals. In particular, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Hungary, Finland, Latvia and Estonia applied for multiple derogations on major crops since the entry into force of the restrictions of use. The Commission closely monitors the possible relations between bee health and pesticides and is determined to take the most cautious approach possible to protect bees. Seed treatment uses of clothianidin, corn in particular, have been revoked or suspended in Germany, Italy and Slovenia. These reports prompted a formal peer review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which stated in January 2013 that neonicotinoids, including clothianidin, pose an unacceptably high risk to bees, and that the industry-sponsored science upon which regulatory agencies' claims of safety have relied on may be flawed and contain several data gaps not previously considered.
In 2013, the Commission severely restricted the use of plant protection products and treated seeds containing three of these neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) to protect honeybees (see Regulation (EU) No 485/2013). However, EPA assessments show that exposure to treated seeds through ingestion may result in chronic toxic risk to non-endangered and endangered small birds (e.g., songbirds). 2/ESP0IAm 0000015954 00000 n Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine, which has been used as a pesticide since the late 1700s. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
0000134003 00000 n stream HEs ]Ye5KU They are chemically similar to nicotine, The name neonicotinoids is sometimes shortened to "neonics" or "NNIs", The first neonic was approved in the EU in 2005, Neonics are systemic pesticides. 0000158177 00000 n 0000133555 00000 n A high acute risk was also identified from exposure via residues in nectar and/or pollen. [3][4], Once laboratory and field data identify hazards associated with a chemical, regulatory authorities take different approaches to mitigate those hazards and bring the risks down to acceptable levels, as defined by each nation's laws and regulations. [14], Although nicotine has been used as a pesticide for over 200 years it degraded too rapidly in the environment and lacked the selectivity to be very useful in large-scale agricultural situations. bayer imidacloprid tree shrub protect advanced month concentrate feed ii For another neonicotinoid, acetamiprid, EFSA established a low risk to bees. ;*79KAf_pG:u\Pf@#oXvQbLb*GyxYw wf3ktdh( Bayer or Takeda) request field uses involving direct application of clothianidin to the land surface. F=vSxT5X>E+v In pneumatic drilling machines, seeds are sucked in, causing the erosion of fragments of the insecticide shell, which are then expelled with a current of air.
0000133580 00000 n 0000158371 00000 n Arena 0.25 G Granular Clothianidin Insecticide, Valent, Arena 50 WDG Clothianidin Insecticide, Valent, Treegator Original Slow Release Watering Bag, Ooze Tube Professional Tree Establishment Systems. 0000158610 00000 n Behavior changes between bees and/or colonies in laboratory or field test conditions versus natural environments also add to the challenges. The EFSA Conclusions on the risk assessment for the active substances clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were published on the EFSA website on 28 February 2018. Therefore, the Commission services prepared in 2017 three proposals to completely ban the outdoor uses of the three active substances. 7WH#:n.H;24|;1, G+'*p7TQH0A+5hM`|^eu!ks[;LVu7im>;hLd]Ykt-vNK~lOp7{R>i B]~lG)Vx ' XbAF)kjYb0@&.]om Gd6&0fSFHcX3b?Qpd)*N97I~ 4 0 obj endobj y ]'!#1CbbVCP(3o?ym>Uw. e"CP=hyquntEQ+ .bQ !R0O@%h [11], Honey bees pollinate crops responsible for about a third of the human diet; about $224 billion worth of crops worldwide. 0000133324 00000 n "zk(kB&}XSQ@a"0Dblo? 0000002373 00000 n According to the research report, the neonicotinoids, which contain the active ingredient imidacloprid, and similar other chemicals, such as clothianidin and thiamethoxam, are being studied for a possible link to CCD. 0000093600 00000 n *VOkP=x3DM0JH0`' Q0+l$Z+ic@e+2`(G3V148}10dT-#uu9YUj-:4"%] It poses lower risks to mammals, including humans, when compared to organophosphates and carbamates. endstream endobj 100 0 obj <>/Size 47/Type/XRef>>stream :}!2" {# *05}XRtf,OR{Py>r-F`14CL`Y} [51] Studies submitted by Bayer AG to USEPA have provided some useful information about clothianidin's potential long-term effects on honey bees but outstanding questions remain.
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