53, 763775. Science 318, 113116. As is described previously, S. fuliginea is an obligate parasite which is hard to culture on nutrient medium (Perez-Garcia et al., 2009). 
Therefore, it is likely that using gyrB as a phylogenetic marker is reliable in our study and could provide clues for bacillus determination. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain LJ02. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.004, Keywords: powdery mildew, biocontrol agent, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, salicylic acid, PR genes, systemic acquired resistance, Citation: Li Y, Gu Y, Li J, Xu M, Wei Q and Wang Y (2015) Biocontrol agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LJ02 induces systemic resistance against cucurbits powdery mildew.
(2011). doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02107-7, Garcia-Brugger, A., Lamotte, O., Vandelle, E., Bourque, S., Lecourieux, D., Poinssot, B., et al.
Therefore, it is conceivably that similar substances will be produced in its close species, B. amyloliquefaciens and similar immune responses will be induced. 
(A) A cucumber seedling under normal condition; (B) LJ02 inoculation elicits SA-dependent signaling pathway in both directions: AGAG and AGBG.
MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods.
Finally, we further dissect the roles played by LJ02BC and L02FS and found that LJ02 could really elicit SAR response in leaves as well as in roots. It was reported that foliar attack by the whitefly not only elicited AG resistance against a leaf pathogen, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. doi: 10.1126/science.1147113, Perez-Garcia, A., Romero, D., Fernandez-Ortuno, D., Lopez-Ruiz, F., De Vicente, A., and Tores, J. (2009).
Induction of defense-related enzymes in soybean leaves by class IId bacteriocins (thuricin 17 and bacthuricin F4) purified from Bacillus strains.
Specifically, strain LJ02 is aerobic and cannot grow under anaerobic conditions.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01684.x, Song, W., Ma, X., Tan, H., and Zhou, J. It was shown that overexpression of PPO in transgenic tomato plants can lead to enhanced disease resistance (Li and Steffens, 2002).
We found extremely evident induced defensive response of root exudates against different pathogens including F. oxysporum, B. cinerea and Alternaria spp. Screening for the identification of potential biological control agents that induce systemic acquired resistance in sugar beet. vesicatoria, but also elevated resistance against the soil bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum. Front. Biol.
PAL was also enhanced during LJ02 treatment. Flavonoid-peroxidase reaction as a detoxification mechanism of plant cells against H2O2. Anal.
The physiological and biochemical properties were determined and shown in Table 2.
mildew powdery fungicide organic safe garden powder (2009).
The enhanced production of total SA in cucumber leaves led us to put forward the hypothesis that defense-related genes are probably induced. This further promoted us to note that LJ02 could induce a long-range defense response from leaves to roots in unknown mechanisms. But the activity of PPO increased rapidly after 2 days and became significant different (P < 0.05) from the control at 3rd day. 108, 16731678. Infect. Furthermore, we have proved that LJ02-induced long-range resistance is an appropriate indicator to examine the biocontrol ability, especially the SAR-inducing activity, of different BCAs using solid rhizosphere medium. Evaluation of biological control agents for managing cucurbit powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown melon. In addition, we also detected an increase of free SA (day 3 11) in cucumber roots with both LJ02BC- and LJ02FS-treatment (Figure 7B).
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.008. (2003). Strain LJ02 produces H2S and can use citrate as sole carbon source.
Scanning microscope observation of LJ02 under two resolutions: 25,000 (A) and 5,000 (B). doi: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140421, Esterbauer, H., Schwarzl, E., and Hayn, M. (1977). As is shown in Figure 6D, after treated with LJ02FB in cucumber leaves, the number of rhizosphere fungi declined significantly. 7, 356363.
(2009).
Two PR-1 genes from tomato are differentially regulated and reveal a novel mode of expression for a pathogenesis-related gene during the hypersensitive response and development. 26 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
Gram staining and microscopic observation showed that LJ02 is Gram-positive, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium with a width of 0.70.9 m and a length of 1.83.0 m, indicative of a typical bacillus morphology (Figure 2).
Phytopathol.
It is responsible for inducing tolerance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses, which is also a trigger for the production of SAR-related enzymes (Korkmaz et al., 2007). Long-range resistance against fungi in cucumber rhizosphere. Different letters are significantly difference at P < 0.01 according to Duncan multiple range test. Evol. 168, 396403. except 16S rRNA gene sequence (Yamamoto and Harayama, 1995).
(D) The quantity of pathogenic fungi in the rhizosphere of cucumber treated by different concentrations of LJ02FB in leaves. Mol. Assessment of partial resistance to powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) in a tetraploid rose population using a spore-suspension inoculation method. Biochem. Annu.
Also the SA accumulation triggered by MAMPs is a major component of the MAMP-triggered signaling mechanism (Tsuda et al., 2008). Overall, our work provides insights into SA-mediated defense response as a mode of action by B. amyloliquefaciens LJ02 against powdery mildew.
Yan, Z. F., Dolstra, O., Prins, T. W., Stam, P., and Visser, P. B. (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.01.009, Arguelles-Arias, A., Ongena, M., Halimi, B., Lara, Y., Brans, A., Joris, B., et al. This is likely to be caused by the degradation of potential elicitors in fermentation broth. Abscisic acid enhances resistance to Alternaria solani in tomato seedlings. Nat.
doi: 10.1007/s00425-002-0750-4, Li, S. M., Hua, G. G., Liu, H. X., and Guo, J. H. (2008).
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Overexpression of polyphenol oxidase in transgenic tomato plants results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance. 7H2O: 0.5 g, agar: 15 g, 1% Rose Bangal: 0.33 mL, 1% streptomycin: 3 mL, distilled water: 1,000 mL; Xu and Zheng, 1986) and incubated at 25C. Moreover, we determined that TJ02FB-treated cucumber leaves secreted resistance-related substance into rhizosphere against a range of fungi pathogens, suggesting that LJ02 could elicit a long-range systemic resistance in cucumber against pathogens. Biol. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105346, Chen, X. H., Koumoutsi, A., Scholz, R., Schneider, K., Vater, J., Sussmuth, R., et al. (2006). Spatial and temporal detection of SA with separated LJ02FB components (LJ02BC and LJ02FS). 60, 379406. 99, 4656. Recently, the bidirectional signal exchanges between AGBG was identified as another type of induced resistance response. Both group induced a rapid increase of PAL activity levels in cucumber leaves within 13 days. This is very intriguing since we used the fermentation broth of a beneficial bacterium rather than a pathogen to treat plant leaves. Figure 6. Relative expression of PR-1 gene in cucumber leaves after treated with LJ02FB (Treated) and PDB (Control). Ecotoxicol.
BMC Plant Biol. As can be seen from Figure 7A, the accumulation of free SA in upper uninoculated cucumber leaves increased rapidly after 3-day treatment as compared to control.
doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.009, Verberne, M. C., Verpoorte, R., Bol, J. F., Mercado-Blanco, J., and Linthorst, H. J. In previous studies, only one-way signal transduction was investigated, such as AGBG, AGAG, and BGBG (Yi et al., 2011).
15, 848864. Plant Biol.
J. Zhejiang. Previous experiments had the same results after they inoculated the pathogens on various plants (Verberne et al., 2000). 138, 520533. Effects of Pb on the oxidative stress and antioxidant response in a Pb bioaccumulator plant Vallisneria natans. mildew powdery fungicide
The role of antibiosis and induced systemic resistance, mediated by strains of Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Bacillus cereus and B. amyloliquefaciens, in controlling blackleg disease of canola. fungicide The gyrB gene sequence of LJ02 was submitted to GenBank database and the accession number is KF501049. Both LJ02BC and LJ02FS could induce the production of free SA in upper leaves throughout all experiments. Microbiol. 61, 11041109. *Correspondence: Yuanhong Wang, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, No. An 1.2 kb gyrB gene fragment was amplified from the strain LJ02 and sequenced. doi: 10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.5.624, Trda, L., Boutrot, F., Claverie, J., Brule, D., Dorey, S., and Poinssot, B. Plant Sci. Physiol. Time course of changes in SOD activity (A), PPO activity (B), POD activity (C), and PAL activity (D) in cucumber leaves of control and treatment group.
All experiments had at least five replicates.
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Annu. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.09.017, Palva, T. K., Hurtig, M., Saindrenan, P., and Palva, E. T. (1994). (2013). 58, 573578.
Besides, the examination of rhizosphere secretions in solid MS medium was proved to be an effective method that identifies potential BCAs with resistance-induction and anti-fungal activities. (2010).
56, 976986.
Plant J. Considerable decrease in spore germination and fungal growth were detected after treated with LJ02FB. Those results led us to conclude that SAR is indeed induced by LJ02 and MAMP is likely to be responsible for the triggering of SA-dependent defense such as SA synthesis and the subsequent pathogen inhibition (Porcel et al., 2014).
Appl. Yamasaki, H., Sakihama, Y., and Ikehara, N. (1997). Biocontrol of tomato wilt disease by Bacillus subtilis isolates from natural environments depends on conserved genes mediating biofilm formation. mildew
Overproduction of salicylic acid in plants by bacterial transgenes enhances pathogen resistance.
Production of salicylic acid precursors is a major function of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica. (Figure 6E). Environ. mildew fungicide powdery preventive sapec agriexpo fungicida muffa 17, 155167. As is shown in Figure 3A, the treatment group had a significant increase in SOD production as compared to the control treatment. The main function of SOD is eliminating the cellular superoxide radical (O2), and the increase of SOD activity can lead to the accumulation of H2O2.
Evol. doi: 10.1016/0261-2194(95)00109-3, Robert-Seilaniantz, A., Grant, M., and Jones, J. D. (2011). Selection of appropriate reference genes for gene expression studies by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in cucumber. Vos, P., Garrity, G., Jones, D., Krieg, N. R., Ludwig, W., Rainey, F. A., et al. Actually, it was reported that PAL and PPO are the main SAR-related enzymes in plants (Jung et al., 2011).
mildew cure concentrate fungicide organic oz
greencure territorialseed Biotechnol. New York, Springer. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms during growth of Scenedesmus (Chlorophyta) species and strains grown in batch-cultures.
Biol.
Genetic distances were computed by Kimura 2-parameter model. through plate cultivation test. Biochem. As is shown in Figure 3B, there was slight difference between the control and treatment group plants at the primary treatment period (<2 days).
Microbiol. Leon, J., Lawton, M. A., and Raskin, I. Phylogenetic tree of strain LJ02 and other Bacillus species from GenBank based on gyrB gene sequences. Therefore, the established detection method could further promotes the identification of BCAs against agricultural infections or pathogens.
Biol. Science doi: 10.1126/science.aaa8764 [Epub ahead of print].
toxic biodegradable growers trust powdery non fungicide rtu gallon solution mildew makes natural treatment killer spore control Control 81, 101110. The images were taken from a ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscope SU8010.
The content of free SA is known to increase in dozens of times when plant tissues are affected by incompatible pathogens and elicitors (Leon et al., 1995). Microbiol. It was shown to catalyze the deamination of L-phenylalanine to produce cinnamic acid, a substrate feeding into several biosynthetic routes to various classes of phenylpropanoid-derived secondary plant products, including SA (Mauch-Mani and Slusarenko, 1996). Res. Interestingly, we further found a large body of evidences that LJ02 could induce SA-mediated SAR as one of its major mode of actions. One strain was selected and named LJ02. Figure 2. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01756.x, Yi, H. S., Yang, J. W., Ghim, S. Y., and Ryu, C. M. (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.02.004, Korkmaz, A., Uzunlu, M., and Demirkiran, A. R. (2007). Salicylic-acid induced resistance to Erwinia carotovora subsp carotovora in tobacco. In order to further unravel the protective mechanisms of LJ02FB on disease control, the rhizosphere exudates of LJ02FB-treated cucumber were co-cultured with three common pathogen spores. Eur. mildew powdery growers trust fungicide oz killer gro cure concentrate safer organic doi: 10.1007/s10526-010-9324-8, Reuveni, M., Agapov, V., and Reuveni, R. (1996).
Ahmad, R., Kim, Y. H., Kim, M. D., Kwon, S. Y., Cho, K., Lee, H. S., et al.
Evaluation of the biocontrol potential of Streptomyces goshikiensis YCXU against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum.
HPLC chromatogram of SA standard (A) and sample (B), temporal changes of free SA (C) and conjugated SA (D) in cucumber leaves of control and treatment group. Plant Physiol. Mol.
As can be seen from our results (Figure 7) that MAMP associated with LJ02 is perhaps the underlying mechanism for the SA accumulation in cucumber tissues since we could detect the increase of SA production when treated with LJ02BC. was also made into fungi cake by a sterile puncher (0.5 cm in diameter) which was then inoculated onto the center of PDA plate. The rapid increase of POD activity was observed during the first 3 days after treatments and the difference between treatment and control became evident from 7th day (Figure 3C). In BG part, the long-range resistance responses lead to the inhibition of several pathogens and their spore germination. Perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline. Li, L., and Steffens, J. C. (2002). The search for the BCA against powdery mildew has been a long standing practice for plant pathologists. Beneficial bacteria and pathogens are initially recognized as harmful invaders in order to limit their spreading (Trda et al., 2015).
(2007). 8, 63. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-63, Bargabus, R. L., Zidack, N. K., Sherwood, J. E., and Jacobsen, B. J. (2009).
Environ. Plant Pathol. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
The powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera fusca (synonym Podosphaera xanthii), a constant threat to cucurbits.
Plant Sci. However, with the accumulation of antagonistic substance, the germination of all pathogens spores began to decrease significantly at 5th day and reached the lowest level at 8 9 days.
35, 345351. pests powdery downey manages growers powdery trust mildew killer biodegradable toxic non fungicide solution treatment oz makes ready natural use foliar spray Subsequently, we found that when we separated the LJ02FB into LJ02BC and LJ02FS, LJ02BC played very important roles in inducing the production of free SA in both upper uninoculated leaves and in roots. Can.
Control 80, 6369. 3, 1st Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China, qingwei2013@im.ac.cn.
(1996). The results proved that strain LJ02 indeed inhibited the occurrence of cucurbits powdery mildew under greenhouse condition. B. subtilis is known to produce cyclic lipopeptides such as surfactins, iturins and fengycins (Farace et al., 2015).
Rev.
Food Chem. Acetyl salicylic acid alleviates chilling-induced damage in muskmelon seedlings. Planta 215, 239247. In line with 7th day, the quantity of fungi at 14th day is still significantly less than that of control group (P < 0.01).
J. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01348.x, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Alamri, S., Hashem, M., and Mostafa, Y. S. (2012).
doi: 10.1099/00207713-37-1-69, Ramarathnam, R., Fernando, W. G. D., and De Kievit, T. (2011). (2013). Our work demonstrated that the content of free SA in cucumber leaves was kept at a relatively higher level after spraying the LJ02FB. Annu.
A rapid assay for catechol oxidase and lactase using 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. Int. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 25, 375384.
Although 16S rRNA sequence has been commonly used as a simple method for the identification of microorganisms, it has limitations for constructing bacterial phylogenetic relationships due to the high percentage of sequence similarity between closely related species.
Error bars indicate standard deviation among triplicates. And it appeared that LJ02BC played a major role in this process, although the amount of free SA was lower as compared to that of leaves.
As is shown in Figure 5, at 2nd day and 3rd day after treated with LJ02FB, the expression of PR-1 gene in treatment group was significantly higher than that of control group, indicating that SA-mediated defense gene expression is induced in LJ02FB-treated cucumber leaves. Additionally, we also found that the activity of PPO was also stimulated during LJ02 treatment. Altogether, the isolated BCA was referred to as B. amyloliquefaciens LJ02 based on its morphological, phylogenetic, physiological, and biochemical characterizations.
Phytopathol. SA as a key immune signal is involved in the regulation of downstream defense genes (Robert-Seilaniantz et al., 2011). In doing so, we could examine the effects of both fractions (LJ02BC and LJ02FS) on the production of SA in cucumber tissues with spatial and temporal scales. Trends Immunol. 115, 14051412. In order to investigate the effect of LJ02FB on this process, the expression of PR-1 in cucumber leaves was studied after treated with LJ02FB. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.11.012, Farace, G., Fernandez, O., Jacquens, L., Coutte, F., Krier, F., Jacques, P., et al.
Microbiol. Each treatment was repeated three times and cultured at 28C for 9 days. Figure 4. 18, 779783. Thus, we established a method to detect the concentration of SA in LJ02FB-treated cucumber leaves (Figures 4A,B). Plants commonly use plasma-membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to perceive MAMPs/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; Newman et al., 2013).
and Pseudomonas sp. (2004).
Plant Physiol.
Salicylic acid is an important plant-produced signaling molecule involved in SAR (Park et al., 2007). Front. 19, 711724.
Therefore, LJ02 could employ MAMP to stimulate SA accumulation in both AG (SAR) and BG (SA signaling pathway) and in doing so to exert its biocontrol activities against a wide range of foliar and rhizospheric pathogens.
Biological control of soil-borne pathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads.
It can be seen that upon inoculation of LJ02 and in AG part, the upper cucumber leaves synthesized elevated level of SA and at the same time, this could partially explain the inhibition of powdery mildews. doi: 10.1038/77347, Verhaar, M. A., Hijwegen, T., and Zadoks, J. C. (1996). fungicide powdery mildew blight gram Subsequently, the inhibition zone diameter was detected.
fungicide copper liquid bonide concentrate mildew powdery leaf downy pt organic spots conc 1539 Based on the long-range resistance responses, we have established a method that could easily detect the inhibitory effect induced by foliar BCAs.
Plant Sci.
Based on this findings, we further revealed that the rhizosphere MS solid medium of LJ02FB-treated cucumber could strongly inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum, B. cinerea, and Alternaria spp.
Although it is similar to that described for disk diffusion method (On et al., 2015), our new method takes the advantage of the coordinate activation of anti-fungal substances by plant-BCA-pathogen interactions rather than traditional BCA-pathogen interactions. Received: 03 April 2015; Accepted: 11 August 2015; Published: 28 August 2015. 15, 473497.
The cake made from sterile MS solid medium without root secretions was used as a control.
Salicylic Acid, a multifaceted hormone to combat disease. Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group. Among PR genes, PR-1 expression is a paradigm for the co-regulation of PR genes and correlates well with the induction of SAR (Durrant and Dong, 2004).
(2015). Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 107108. Salicylic acid modulates colonization of the root microbiome by specific bacterial taxa. For more details, please refer to main text.
Bacteriol. insetticida fungicida mildew powdery insecticide rost fungicide ortaggi oidio pomodori mites acariens aleurodes agriexpo woodstream safer grazers
doi: 10.1007/s11738-003-0019-y, Porcel, R., Zamarreno, A. M., Garcia-Mina, J. M., and Aroca, R. (2014). Mol. Controlling powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in cucumber by foliar sprays of phosphate and potassium salts. Induced systemic resistance in cucumber and Arabidopsis thaliana by the combination of Trichoderma harzianum Tr6 and Pseudomonas sp Ps14. Control 30, 342350. We found that PR-1 gene was stimulated after treated with LJ02FB in cucumber leaves at different time points.
doi: 10.1128/Iai.74.1.239-247.2006. Plant.
Error bars indicate standard deviation among triplicates. (2015).
Sci. All those results showed that LJ02FB could elicit the defense responses from plant leaves to rhizosphere, suggesting a long-range systemic resistance is induced under our test conditions. Changes in pathogenesis-related proteins in pepper plants with regard to biological control of phytophthora blight with Paenibacillus illinoisensis. (2015). The inhibition against pathogen fungi of LJ02-induced secretions was detected as described previously with minor modifications (On et al., 2015).
The production of free SA and the expression of SA-dependent PR-1 gene in cucumber leaves were also enhanced markedly after treating with LJ02FB. Duncans multiple-range test was applied when one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (P < 0.05). We extracted the free SA and the sugar-conjugated SA from LJ02FB-treated plant leaves and monitored the trend of SA accumulation in the cucumber leaves in time-course experiments. Trends Genet.
Furthermore, the expression of PR-1 gene was detected by qRT-PCR.
Purification and characterization of a novel antifungal protein from Bacillus subtilis strain B29.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp nov, nom rev. Harnessing useful rhizosphere microorganisms for pathogen and pest biocontrol, View all
This is possibly caused by the degradation of functional elicitors in LJ02FS. Plant Pathol. Antifungal effects of compost tea microorganisms on tomato pathogens. We found that the accumulation of free SA on cucumber leaves increased rapidly after 5-day treatment as compared to control (Figure 4C). Table 1. Therefore, we detected the diameter of inhibition zone against other pathogen fungi (F. oxysporum, B. cinerea, and Alternaria spp.) Copyright 2015 Li, Gu, Li, Xu, Wei and Wang. The MS solid medium containing rhizosphere secretions was made into cake by a sterile puncher (0.5 cm in diameter). Control 6, 353360.
Phytopathol. Control 65, 1423.
Plant. However, the different effects of LJ02BC and LJ02FS on the SA-mediated defense responses may attributed to certain unidentified MAMP factors that functions in association with bacterium itself. Rev.
Moreover, the quantity of rhizosphere fungi was determined after treated with LJ02FB in cucumber leaves.
mildew insecticide botrytis pesticide miticide powdery fungicide trifecta
PRR-mediated microbe sensing gives rise to a wide array of defense responses known as MAMP- or PAMP-triggered immunity (MTI/PTI; Zipfel, 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.03.018, Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., and Kumar, S. (2011). To further dissect the functions played by bacterium and its fermented substances of LJ02FB, we separated them by centrifugation and kept bacterial cells in 10 mM MgCl2 solution (LJ02BC) and filtered the supernatants to rule out the contamination of bacterial cells to harvest fermented substances (LJ02FS). Rev. Besides, we found that the production of several resistance-related enzymes has been significantly stimulated upon LJ02 treatment, which was probably caused by the coordinate activation by enhanced SA levels in LJ02-treated plants. 10, 264272.
mildew powdery The tree was constructed by MEGA5.1 by the neighbor-joining method.
Error bars indicate standard deviation among triplicates. Jasmonate signaling in plant interactions with resistance-inducing beneficial microbes. mildew cure oz concentrate fungicide organic Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. (2009). doi: 10.1631/jzus.B0820341, Mauch-Mani, B., and Slusarenko, A. J.
Figure 3. Microbiol. (Figure 6C). 167, 1419. Int.
Strain LJ02 colonies show light yellow on LB agar medium.
doi: 10.1016/J.Ab.2009.12.008, Wang, L. T., Lee, F. L., Tai, C. J., and Kasai, H. (2007). 37, 6971. powdery mildew
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