0000056335 00000 n The majority of aid is provided in the form of in-kind goods or assistance, with cash and vouchers constituting only 6% of total humanitarian spending. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (18591864)."
Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War. They do not hesitate to confront local actors with criticism of human rights violations, and define a right or even duty to intervene. 0000006751 00000 n see Central Emergency Response Fund). International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1320. In a later stage, it might mean assistance with physical reconstruction, resettlement of refugees and reintegration of former combatants. Education, including non-violence training, work with youth on prejudice reduction, and help to come to grips with the past. In recent years, a number of concerns have been raised about the mental health of aid workers.[68][69]. [46], Securing access to humanitarian aid in post-disasters, conflicts, and complex emergencies is a major concern for humanitarian actors. "[61] Thus, the impact of humanitarian aid on conflict may vary depending upon the type and mode in which aid is received, and, inter alia, the local socio-economic, cultural, historical, geographical and political conditions in the recipient countries. (See Web site of NRC: www.nrc.no/NRC/nrc.htm. There is a debate on linking humanitarian aid and development efforts, which was reinforced by the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. Elizabeth Fee, Mary E. Garofalo. Many of these organisations also run development programs. [43], Humanitarian aid spans a wide range of activities, including providing food aid, shelter, education, healthcare or protection. Theft: Very often aid goods are stolen by armies to support the war effort either directly (as when food is stolen to feed fighters), or indirectly (as when food is stolen and sold in order to raise money to buy weapons). Aid workers are the people distributed internationally to do humanitarian aid work. 3. International NGOs (e.g. But reconstruction work in general may also be important for dealing with conflict, as shown in the examples of activities of the Civil Peace Services in the last chapter. His graphic account of the immense suffering he witnessed, written in his book A Memory of Solferino, became a foundational text to modern humanitarianism. Development aid has long been accused of cultural hegemonialism. (29): When humanitarian aid satisfies basic needs, then the political elites are free of their responsibility, and need no longer justify their actions to civil society. [41], Aid is funded by donations from individuals, corporations, governments and other organizations. (Freise 1994:48, Evers 1997:59). [62], However, there is little clear consensus on the trade-offs between speed and control, especially in emergency situations when the humanitarian imperative of saving lives and alleviating suffering may conflict with the time and resources required to minimise corruption risks. [62] Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have highlighted the need to tackle corruption with, but not limited to, the following methods:[62], Countries or war parties that prevent humanitarian relief are generally under unanimous criticism. Adjustment to normal life again can be a problem, with feelings such as guilt being caused by the simple knowledge that international aid workers can leave a crisis zone, whilst nationals cannot. (27) According to this approach there are two ways by which aid may affect conflict: first, through resource transfers and, second, through implicit ethical messages. Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (18591864)." Barnett, Michael, and Weiss, Thomas. Even prior to a humanitarian crisis, gender differences exist.
Conflict Impact Assessment research, a new branch of peace research, evaluates the impact of these kinds of projects on conflict. 0000128582 00000 n
[58] Throughout the plans. Actors like the affected people themselves, civil society, local informal first-responders, civil society, the diaspora, businesses, local governments, military, local and international non-governmental organizations all play a crucial role in a timely delivery of humanitarian aid. There can be different arrangements on the role these agencies play, and such arrangement affects that quality of hard and soft aid delivered. This is partly (1) due to the growing number of humanitarian catastrophes in the last 10 years, creating an enormous challenge for both humanitarian aid and development aid. Some of the proceeds also went to the famine hit areas of Eritrea. Roche 2000. Ed: undp) The volunteers are professionals coming from more than 125 countries in the world, almost 75% being citizens of developing countries. International/intergovernmental agencies such as the UN agencies (e.g.
Ropers 1999:8. Among the people in need are the homeless, refugees, and victims of natural disasters, wars, and famines. Understanding Uncertainty. [17][19] Despite little to no experience as a medical physician, Dunant worked alongside local volunteers to assist the wounded soldiers from all warring parties, including Austrian, Italian and French casualties, in any way he could including the provision of food, water, and medical supplies. [8], The beginnings of organized international humanitarian aid can be traced to the late 19th century. Traditionally, humanitarian organizations have concentrated their efforts in the delivery of human, medical, food, shelter and water sanitation and hygiene resources during humanitarian emergencies. 0000007187 00000 n To win assent for interventions, aid agencies often espouse the principles of humanitarian impartiality and neutrality. Bugnion, Francois.
It has dealt with the question of what impact humanitarian aid might have on conflict, and eventually formulated a set of issues for awareness, based on a number of case studiesusually known as the Do No Harm approach. Humanitarian relief efforts are provided for humanitarian purposes and include natural disasters and man-made disasters.
development of mediation programs on local level, support of marginalised groups to gain access to justice, support of truth commissions; 5. International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1323. 0000004089 00000 n [15], Nightingale's contributions still influence humanitarian aid efforts. What Florence Nightingale Did for Mankind. As many as 10 million people may have died in the famine. In some cases, development organisations have also engaged in peacekeeping activities. In: [High Level Panel on Humanitarian Cash Transfers, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response, Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Rule 55. The four UN entities that have primary roles in delivering humanitarian aid are United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme (WFP). [56] When delivering humanitarian aid, it is thus important for humanitarian actors, such as the United Nations, to include challenges specific to women in their humanitarian response. In regard to conflict and peace, some fields of activities for development organisations have been described by the OECD in their recommendations on conflict, peace and development co-operation. In the case of humanitarian aid, the discussion centres mainly on the negative and positive impacts which humanitarian aid may have as a by-product of conflicts. (23): Fricke 1997:98 for the first five elements, referring to Corinna Kreidler 1996 but without giving the complete source. Norwegian Refugee Council), and church/religious-based NGOs (e.g. On the other hand, aid that is given across subgroups can serve to lessen the division between groups. Another example that illustrates technology used for humanitarian purposes is the Artificial Intelligence for Digital Response platform which is a free and open source software that automatically collects and classifies tweets that are posted during emergencies, humanitarian crises and disasters. [2] Humanitarian aid can come from either local or international communities. Nurs Midwifery Stud. (3): See Anderson 1996, especially p. 16 ff., Donini 1996, de Waal/Omaar 1996. (Gass/van Dok 2000:59). (Diringer 2001:18). Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people who need help. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (18591864)." [70], Reports of sexual exploitation in sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response have been reported following humanitarian interventions in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2002,[71] in Central African Republic[72] and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Support of civil society, including election monitoring, education of voters, support of national conferences, support of NGOs working on conflict resolution, support of human rights organisations, support of ethnically or socially marginalised groups to articulate their interests; 4. As a result, many resources that formerly went to longer-term development aid must now be diverted to first aid measures; and, in consequence, efforts of longer-term development projects have been destroyed. Festival Images migrantes "Du migrant au sujet politique", Pourquoi as-tu quitt ton pays? 0000005984 00000 n
Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing. Forsythe, David. xTMOQN? $"MMXhb i*4P The development of rigorous information management systems may lead to feasible mechanisms for forecasting and preventing crises. For example, the Norwegian Refugee Council has an emergency stand-by force of 600 men and women in Norway and Africa, ready to reach an area of crisis with 72 hours. Oxfam and CARE were founded after WW II. [49] This includes the integration of their children into local education systems, maintenance of food security at the familial level, and provision of access to health services. (29), The implicit ethical messages conveyed through aid may include: carrying the message of acceptance of the terms of war by negotiating passage with warring parties or hiring armed guards to protect the delivery; bestowing legitimacy on warriors and undermining peace-time values (when, for example, it becomes obvious that the aid organisation values the life of its own international staff higher than that of local people); and reinforcing animosity by making atrocities committed in the course of the war public in their fundraising campaigns. %%EOF (18): See Adams/Bradbury 1995:43, quoting ACORD. [45], How aid is delivered can affect the quality and quantity of aid. (28): By importing goods for relief and distributing them free of charge, donors can bring about the collapse of the local economy, and/or of informal networks of people helping each other.
It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by the government and other institutions replaces it. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) coordinates the international humanitarian response to a crisis or emergency pursuant to Resolution 46/182 of the United Nations General Assembly. International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1306.
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