50. d. brain circuits. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. The answer is continuous. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior - CliffsNotes Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. b. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? 99. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. Is this correct? What is it? What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. b. sociocultural Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. b. social factors leading to stress. a. psychodynamic Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. 2.3.4.3. b. anal stage. d. disengagement. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. Why is this? This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. c. existential. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. b. axons. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? 59. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. d. frustrating the client. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. d. humanistic. This is a physical aspect of what disease? b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. 37. 64. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. 118. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. d. classical conditioning. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. 31. Medical Model of Mental Health in Psychology Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. a. catharsis. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. 77. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . It is difficult to research this perspective. This is an example of behavior modification using: It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. 81. a. psychoanalysis. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. b. psychoanalysis. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? 138. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. Figure 2.9. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. d. psychophysical. d. catharsis. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. a. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. You are doing your best. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. 54. b. Freud. c. the id, ego, and superego. Is there merit to this view? According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. c. The receiving neurons fire. b. behavior-focused therapists. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. 2.2.1.4. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. b. behavioral-focused Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. 78. 71. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. 103. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). c. intellectualization. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. 163. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. None of the models are complete within themselves. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. b. working through. Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com None of the models are complete within themselves. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. d. bipolar disorder. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. a. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. 128. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. d. fear. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. b. modeling. 45. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. 55. Module Overview. Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. Models aid us with doing all of this. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. 137. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. c. sociocultural In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? a. humanistic b. transference. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. 85. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. 109. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. Maladaptive cognitions. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. b. self-actualizing. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. c. existential Shonda responds by changing the subject. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. 166. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. d. psychodynamic. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. As such, he continues to steal her toys. b. accepting problematic thoughts. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. 131. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. b. ones values and goals. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. 107. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. How so? The structure of personality. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. 70. b. exposure therapy. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. c. gestalt therapy. Figure 2.8. c. result of childhood trauma. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. How so? The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. 76. Operant conditioning. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). 127. b. negative transference. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. 2.3.4.2. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes.