Communication is Unrepeatable. These are just a few of the many instances of how knowledge was created by seemingly legitimate scientific disciplines that we can now clearly see served to empower men and disempower women. Discuss how each of the four cultural identities discussed affects and/or relates to communication. Its primary contribution is the idea that ingroups seek to positively distinguish themselves from outgroups, which gives rise to social competition in which ingroups engage in comparisonsemphasizing certain attributes or achievementsthat favor the ingroup over other groups. Sexuality connects to public health issues like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and teen pregnancy. Chapter 3: Identity and intercultural communication - Coggle Difference also matters because demographics and patterns of interaction are changing. Dominant identity formation may include a person moving from unawareness of their identities, to accepting the identity hierarchy, to separation from and guilt regarding the dominant group, to redefining and integrating components of identities. We can now see that difference matters due to the inequalities that exist among cultural groups and due to changing demographics that affect our personal and social relationships. While queer was long considered a derogatory label, and still is by some, the queer activist movement that emerged in the 1980s and early 1990s reclaimed the word and embraced it as a positive. Be patient and wait for the person to finish, rather than correcting or speaking for the person. Dyadic communication is communication involving two people. But I wouldnt call myself a feminist. Please subscribe or login. The US Office of Personnel Management offers many good guidelines for conducting diversity training: create learning objectives related to the mission of the organization, use tested and appropriate training methods and materials, provide information about course content and expectations to employees ahead of training, provide the training in a supportive and noncoercive environment, use only experienced and qualified instructors, and monitor/evaluate training and revise as needed (US Office of Personnel Management, 2011). Which of the following do the authors conclude? Bisexuals are rarely visible or included in popular cultural discourses or in social and political movements. This has also created a backlash, which some scholars argue is tied more to the race of the immigrants than the language they speak and a fear that white America could be engulfed by other languages and cultures (Speicher, 2002). This example shows how even national identity fluctuates. My identity as a US American became very salient for me for the first time in my life when I studied abroad in Sweden. How you communicate to and about someone can influence how they perform their identity or how it develops 2. Maurianne Adams, Warren J. Blumfeld, Rosie Casteneda, Heather W. Hackman, Madeline L. Peters, Ximena Zuniga (New York: Routledge, 2000), 9. CMC, Blogging, E-mailing, and Instant messaging are a danger to relationships. Mom (gentle, gently) felt my forehead for any fever. Most relationships need most of one kind of communication or the other. 1986. However, as we will learn later, developing intercultural communication competence can help us gain new perspectives, become more mindful of our communication, and intervene in some of these negative cycles. Individuals with dominant identities may not validate the experiences of those in nondominant groups because they do not experience the oppression directed at those with nondominant identities. People are tracked into various educational programs based on their physical and cognitive abilities, and there are many cases of people being mistakenly labeled disabled who were treated differently despite their protest of the ascribed label. If there isnt an impairment, then the label of disabled can have negative impacts, as this label carries social and cultural significance. During and before this time, the term black had negative connotations and would likely have offended someone. However, when I ask students to raise their hand if they believe women have been treated unfairly and that there should be more equity, most students raise their hand. Communicators who strive to acquire a large number of "friends" on social networking websites are engaging in superficial, impersonal relationships. Classic work on the origins and nature of discrimination. Tajfel, H., and J.C. Turner. You may see a person who likes to read science-fiction books, watches documentaries, has glasses, and collects Star Trek memorabilia and label him or her a nerd. Table 3.1 Racial Classifications in the US Census. Conversely, many parents consciously or unconsciously code their newborns in gendered ways based on our societys associations of pink clothing and accessories with girls and blue with boys. This signifies that for a woman to earn the same amount of money a man earned in a year, she would have to work more than three months extra, until April 11, to make up for the difference (National Committee on Pay Equity, 2011). Most people pick and choose those with whom they communicate online with great care. Civil law in England indicates the death penalty can be given for same-sex sexual acts between men. Meanings are in sentences and paragraphs. Language serves as a means of communication and a way to transmit cultural knowledge from one generation . Source: Maggie Shreve, The Movement for Independent Living: A Brief History, Independent Living Research Utilization, accessed October 14, 2011, ilru.org/html/publications/infopaks/IL_paradigm.doc. There are two important parts of this definition to unpack. For those who do lip read, be sensitive to their needs by placing yourself so that you face the light source and keep hands, cigarettes, and food away from your mouth when speaking. (PDF) A typology of identity-related crime - ResearchGate Is affected by external, physiological, and psychological noise. For some, deciding to share what theyve learned with others who share their dominant identity moves them to the next stage. He also identified as white instead of Mexican American or Chicano because he saw how his teachers treated the other kids with brown skin. Additionally, some gay or lesbian people in this stage of identity development may try to act straight. In either case, some people move to the next stage, resistance and separation, when they realize that despite their efforts they are still perceived as different by and not included in the dominant group. As society better adapts to people with disabilities, there will be more instances of interability communication taking place. Ascribing an identity of disabled to a person can be problematic. For example, an African American may not have difficulty deciding which box to check on the demographic section of a survey. Celebrities. In this section, well explore how the cultural identities of race, gender, sexual orientation, and ability have been constructed in the United States and how communication relates to those identities. Our membership may be voluntary (Greek organization on campus) or involuntary (family) and explicit (we pay dues to our labor union) or implicit (we purchase and listen to hip-hop music). It contends that group members tend to emphasize similarities among themselves according to stereotypical attributes or prototypes rather than accentuate differences along these same dimensions between the ingroup and other outgroups in an effort to bolster ingroup identity. This study focuses on optimizing user identity verification time by employing an efficient encryption algorithm for the user signature in a peer-to-peer decentralized IoT blockchain network. Most notably, earlier studies, such as Sumner 1906, Allport 1954, and Sherif 1966, examined the sources of and relationship between ingroup loyalty and outgroup hostility, each offering a different theoretical explanation. People with disabilities become the first targets of experimentation and mass execution by the Nazis. Staying in this stage may indicate a lack of critical thinking if a person endorses the values of the nondominant group without question. For example, they make a connection between epilepsy and a disorder of the mind but still consider the source to be supernatural or divine. If you are unsure what to use, you could always observe how a person refers to himself or herself, or you could ask for his or her preference. This is a critically important piece in the development of social identity theory during the 1980s. Before that, sexuality was viewed in more physical or spiritual senses that were largely separate from a persons identity. Ask yourself the question Who am I? Recall from our earlier discussion of self-concept that we develop a sense of who we are based on what is reflected back on us from other people. Statistically, people with disabilities make up the largest minority group in the United States, with an estimated 20 percent of people five years or older living with some form of disability (Allen, 2011). White people may also feel anxious about communicating with people of color out of fear of being perceived as racist. This definition is important because it notes the social aspect of disability in that peoples life activities are limited and the relational aspect of disability in that the perception of a disability by others can lead someone to be classified as such. A sterilization law written in 1914 proposed to authorize sterilization of the socially inadequate, which included the feebleminded, insane, criminalistic, epileptic, inebriate, diseased, blind, deaf, deformed, and dependent (Lombardo, 2011). Jason Riedy Atlanta Pride Festival parade CC BY 2.0. Ive found that students I teach are hesitant to identify as a feminist because of connotations of the word. This design offers multiple benefits: Reuses existing identities from your identity management system. Specifically, individuals will seek to protect or enhance a particular group identity (through words or actions) when they perceive it to be threatened or they sense an opportunity to promote or enhance it. See Table 3.3 Developments Related to Ability, Identity, and Communication for a timeline of developments related to ability, identity, and communication. Learning about difference and why it matters will help us be more competent communicators. Martin, J. N., and Thomas K. Nakayama, Intercultural Communication in Contexts, 5th ed. Sherif, M. 1966. How is identity formed? Although the eugenics movement as it was envisioned and enacted then is unthinkable today, some who have studied the eugenics movement of the early 1900s have issued warnings that a newly packaged version of eugenics could be upon us. The term transgender is the term that the present trans community uses and identifies with. The social constructionist view of culture and identity states that the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relation to social, cultural, and political contexts. When a persons lack of interest in their own identity is replaced by an investment in a dominant groups identity, they may move to the next stage, which is conformity. Sumner, W.G. 1906. Leaning on or hanging on to a persons wheelchair is similar to leaning or hanging on to a person and is generally considered annoying. People with limited hand use or an artificial limb can usually shake hands. The rarity of personal relationships is not necessarily unfortunate. If so, how? Turner, J.C. 1985. Notably, within the field of communication, the value of social identity theory rests with its ability to explain or predict messaging and response behaviors when a particular group identity is made salient. This was a brand of social engineering that was indicative of a strong public support in the rationality of science to cure societys problems (Allen, 2011). The focus is on the interplay between personal and social identity and the key innovation in this study is self-categorization theory, which postulates that individuals tend to both accentuate similarities between themselves and other ingroup members on certain stereotypical attributes associated with the group (prototypes) and exaggerate differences along these same dimensions among members of outgroups. Words that make perfect sense to you can be interpreted in entirely different ways by others. Social identity theory has its roots in earlier scholarship in social psychology, which focused on the origins and nature of intergroup conflict. Live close to 4 years longer than those who are socially isolated. Gender has been constructed over the past few centuries in political and deliberate ways that have tended to favor men in terms of power. I. Interpersonal communication is the complex process through which people express, interpret, and coordinate messages in order to create shared meaning, meet social goals, manage personal identity, and carry out their relationships. Intercultural communication competence (ICC) is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts. While a professor may have been well-intentioned, spotlighting can make a student feel conspicuous, frustrated, or defensive. Discuss the ways in which difference may influence how you communicate in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, and personal. Also, a young African American man may question his teachers or parents about the value of what hes learning during Black History Month. Racial distinctions have been based largely on phenotypes, or physiological features such as skin color, hair texture, and body/facial features. How Does Communication Affect Our Identity - 554 Words | Bartleby Which of the following is not a principle of communication? Byzantine Emperor Justinian makes adultery and same-sex sexual acts punishable by death. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Quantitative communication is characterized by the irreplaceability of interactive events. A. Interpersonal communication involves the exchange of messages, which is a While both are important, it is often the differences that are highlighted and that contribute to communication troubles. Trace the historical development and construction of the four cultural identities discussed. Sometimes clear communication is even the cause of problems. Instant messaging Most notably, it introduces ideas about strategic behavioral responses by groups when confronted with a lack of positive distinctiveness. As human genome mapping and DNA manipulation become more accessible, advanced genetic testing could enable parents to eliminate undesirable aspects or enhance desirable characteristics of their children before they are born, creating designer children (Spice, 2005). Chapters 1-4 Test Flashcards | Quizlet In a group in Africa, young boys are responsible for taking care of babies and are encouraged to be nurturing (Wood, 2005). We have all experienced times when we are more or less able. We are not communicating when we remain silent. b. Rather than trying to ignore difference and see each person as a unique individual, we should know the history of how differences came to be so socially and culturally significant and how they continue to affect us today. What did you learn in this chapter that can help you overcome them? Individuals were allowed to choose more than one racial category for the first time in census history. Although some of the leaders of the early womens rights movement had class and education privilege, they were still taking a risk by organizing and protesting. In each sentence below, underline the correct modifier in parentheses. So I have to be conscious of that. Then we attempt to construct that gendered identity through our interactions with others, which is our gender expression. Census takers were required to check one of these boxes based on visual cues. This means that messages we receive from others (who they think we are) influence who we think we are. Arguments sometimes develop over apparently trivial subjects like whose turn it is to wash the dishes or how to spend the weekend. The roles assigned to those involved. Moises, a Chicano man interviewed in a research project about identities, narrated how he changed his Mexican sounding name to Moses, which was easier for his middle-school classmates and teachers to say (Jones Jr., 2009). Within this scholarly debate Tafjel and Turner began to explore in the 1970s the underlying psychological processes involved in the development and maintenance of group identity, and how this then shapes intergroup behavior. PDF Cultural diversity and information and communication impacts on - ed Labels such as Puerto Rican or Mexican American, which further specify region or country of origin, may also be used. Knowing more about various types of identities and some common experiences of how dominant and nondominant identities are formed prepares us to delve into more specifics about why difference matters. It is the first gay rights organization. One intercultural communication scholar writes of his experiences as an Asianlatinoamerican (Yep, 2002). The pink triangle was later reclaimed as a symbol of gay rights. Allen, B. J., Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity, 2nd ed. Learning some of the communicative history of race can make us more competent communicators and open us up to more learning experiences. It is much easier for people to recognize and decry racist actions than it is to realize that racist patterns and practices go through societal institutions, which means that racism exists and doesnt have to be committed by any one person. To extend the previous example, there has been a movement in recent years to reclaim the label nerd and turn it into a positive, and a nerd subculture has been growing in popularity. Social identities are components of self that are derived from our involvement in social groups to which we are interpersonally invested. But then, I try to utilize my maleness in positive ways, like when Im talking to other men about male privilege (Jones, Jr., 2009). Because of this lack of recognition of oppression, members of dominant groups may minimize, dismiss, or question the experiences of nondominant groups and view them as complainers or whiners. Recall from our earlier discussion of identity formation that people with dominant identities may stay in the unexamined or acceptance stages for a long time. While much of what distinguishes able-bodied and cognitively able from disabled is rooted in science, biology, and physiology, there are important sociocultural dimensions. Social identities do not change as often because they take more time to develop, as you must become interpersonally invested. Social constructionism is a view that argues the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relationship to social, cultural, and political contexts (Allen, 2011). The gay and lesbian rights movement became widely recognizable in the United States in the 1950s and continues on today, as evidenced by prominent issues regarding sexual orientation in national news and politics. Given that race is one of the first things we notice about someone, its important to know how race and communication relate (Allen, 2011). Impersonal communication is better than interpersonal communication. For your cultural identities, which ones are dominant and which ones are nondominant? For example, there has been a Deaf culture movement in the United States for decades. Future technologies such as 6G . Given that we live in a patriarchal society, there are communicative elements present in school that support this (Allen, 2011). As we have already discussed, our identities are relational and communicative; they are also constructed. This begins a lifelong process of thinking about who we are now, who we were before, and who we will become (Tatum, B. D., 2000). 2. Introduction Foundational Works General Overviews Relevant Peer-Reviewed Journals Measures of Social Identity Sources of Group Cooperation and Conflict expandProtection, Maintenance, and Enhancement of Group Identity expandSocial Identity and the Communication Process expandNational Identity Political/Partisan Identity Racial/Ethnic Identity There are many ways to perform a particular identity - you can improve your communication if you are tolerant of many variations 3. Social identity theory also suggests that individuals do more than merely identify with the social groups to which they belong; they also derive comfort, security, and self-esteem from these groups. Let's look at some of the ways that identity influences communication. Teachers are also more likely to lead girls to focus on feelings and appearance and boys to focus on competition and achievement. If there is a mental or physical impairment, it should be diagnosed by a credentialed expert. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behavior. Arguments supporting racial inequality and tighter immigration restrictions also drew on notions of disability, framing certain racial groups as prone to mental retardation, mental illness, or uncontrollable emotions and actions. Many people are beginning to regularly communicate with family and friends over the computer rather than face-to-face. The cultural differences in how that significance is ascribed are proof that our way of doing things is arbitrary. Summarize nondominant and dominant identity development. Live close to 4 years longer than those who are socially isolated. Instead, our identities are formed through processes that started before we were born and will continue after we are gone; therefore our identities arent something we achieve or complete. Parents and children. Noise, in the transactional view of communication, which occurs within communicators, is called: The following sentence may contain a subject-verb or pronoun-antecedent agreement error. As was noted earlier, the Latino/a population in the United States is growing fast, which has necessitated inclusion of Spanish in many areas of public life. When we first meet a newborn baby, we ask whether its a boy or a girl. The term color was dropped and replaced by race. Indirectly, communication defines us when we internalize judgement of ourselves, others, and social groups based on our way of expressing ourselves. There are multiple models for examining identity development. Judith N. Martin, Lisa A. Flores, and Thomas K. Nakayama (Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2002), 61. Although many people hold a view that a persons sexuality should be kept private, this isnt a reality for our society. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. The term heterosexuality is coined to refer a form of sexual perversion in which people engage in sexual acts for reasons other than reproduction. As you can see, there is a diversity of identities among sexual minorities, just as there is variation within races and genders. Communication can be intentional or unintentional. At the time, newly developing fields in natural and biological sciences took interest in examining the new locales, including the plant and animal life, natural resources, and native populations. 1. The main nondominant groups must face various forms of institutionalized discrimination, including racism, sexism, heterosexism, and ableism. Gender identity and sexual orientation Most people have a sense of physical, emotional and romantic attraction to others. And people who insist that we are all equal may claim that minorities are exaggerating their circumstances or whining and just need to work harder or get over it. The person making these statements acknowledges difference but doesnt see their privilege or the institutional perpetuation of various -isms. Although Ive encountered many more people in the passive state of acceptance than the active state, some may progress to an active state where they acknowledge inequality and are proud to be in the superior group. Do you think diversity training should be mandatory or voluntary? Feminism as an intellectual and social movement advanced womens rights and our overall understanding of gender. Although they are not given their own section, consider how those identities may intersect with the identities discussed next. Napoleonic Code in France removes all penalties for any sexual activity between consenting adults. Jones Jr., R. G., Communicating Queer Identities through Personal Narrative and Intersectional Reflexivity (PhD diss., University of Denver, 2009), 13032. A male participant in a research project on identity said the following about redefining his male identity: I dont want to assert my maleness the same way that maleness is asserted all around us all the time. We know there isnt only one way to speak English, but there have been movements to identify a standard. When we create a standard for English, we can label anything that deviates from that nonstandard English. Differences between standard English and what has been called Black English have gotten national attention through debates about whether or not instruction in classrooms should accommodate students who do not speak standard English. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. The term Hispanic also highlights the colonizers influence over the indigenous, which erases a history that is important to many. Employs a social psychological approach to examine the relationship between ingroup attachment and outgroup hostility. For example, think of how ways of being and acting have changed for African Americans since the civil rights movement. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Code-switching involves changing from one way of speaking to another between or within interactions. Chapter 1. Introduction to Human Communication Flashcards An interpersonal relationship differs from an impersonal one because: a) we share our thoughts and feelings with each other b) the other person's life affects ours c) we are sad when the relationship changes or ends d) we find the time spent in the relationship rewarding e) all of the above Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 50 e
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