Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. A primary source (also called original . Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. J. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. What Is a Primary Source? Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Biographies of historical and famous people. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Categories . For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. Introduction. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . He can hardly have been in any doubt. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. Guide. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Archives; Correspondence "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". Church and W. J. Brodribb. 719-549-2333. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. Copyright statement. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed.